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                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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                <text>125-135</text>
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                <text>Joëlle Gaymu</text>
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                <text>The demographic ageing from French cities' districts. 

In twenty years (1962-1982), the population of 12 regional metropolises has undergone a considerable ageing. The analysis of the evolution, from the starting degree of ageing, shows that the situation in 1982 is similar of that of 1962. The initially older districts are still so twenty years later. A district which is already old cannot renovate his population and finally, becomes depopulated. The spatial age localization is not an accident. The analysis of three towns (Amiens, Nancy, Nice), with contrasted demographic characteristics, allows us to establish that if places exist everywhere where the elderly are concentrated, they are first of all a characteristic of historical centers, with saturated space and old decay housing.</text>
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                <text>En 20 ans (1962-1982), la population étudiée (12 métropoles régionales découpées en 430 quartiers) a subi un vieillissement considérable. L'analyse de l'évolution des quartiers, à partir de leur degré de vieillissement initial, conduit à constater la reproduction en 1982 de la hiérarchie des situations observées en 1962 : les quartiers les plus vieillis initialement le sont toujours 20 ans après. Un quartier à la structure par âge déjà vieillie n'arrive pas à renouveler sa population et finit par se dépeupler. La localisation des âges dans l'espace n'est pas le fruit du hasard. L'analyse de trois exemples de villes (Amiens, Nancy, Nice), aux caractéristiques démographiques contrastées, conduit à constater que si des poches de concentration de personnes âgées existent partout, elles sont avant tout le propre des centres historiques, à l'espace saturé et au parc de logements vieillis et vétustés.</text>
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                <text>Gaymu Joëlle. Le vieillissement démographique des quartiers des grandes villes françaises. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1987-1. Personnes âgées et vieillissement - Elderly people and ageing - Londres, juillet 1986. pp. 125-135.</text>
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                <text>concentration of elderly people. ; France ; urban aging</text>
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                <text>Le vieillissement démographique des quartiers des grandes villes françaises</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; In his compelling reinterpretation of American history, The Public and Its Possibilities, John Fairfield argues that our unrealized civic aspirations provide the essential counterpoint to an excessive focus on private interests. Inspired by the revolutionary generation, nineteenth-century Americans struggled to build an economy and a culture to complement their republican institutions. But over the course of the twentieth century, a corporate economy and consumer culture undercut civic values, conflating consumer and citizen.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Fairfield places the city at the center of American experience, describing how a resilient demand for an urban participatory democracy has bumped up against the fog of war, the allure of the marketplace, and persistent prejudices of race, class, and gender. In chronicling and synthesizing centuries of U.S. history&amp;mdash;including the struggles of the antislavery, labor, women&amp;rsquo;s rights movements&amp;mdash;Fairfield explores the ebb and flow of civic participation, activism, and democracy. He revisits what the public has done for civic activism, and the possibility of taking a greater role.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; In this age where there has been a move towards greater participation in America's public life from its citizens, Fairfield&amp;rsquo;s book&amp;mdash;written in an accessible, jargon-free style and addressed to general readers&amp;mdash;is especially topical.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;John D. Fairfield &lt;/b&gt;is Professor of History and Academic Director of the Institute for Politics and Public Life at Xavier University.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; This brilliant and eye-opening look at the new phenomenon called the aerotropolis gives us a glimpse of the way we will live in the near future&amp;mdash;and the way we will do business too.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Not so long ago, airports were built near cities, and roads connected the one to the other. This pattern&amp;mdash;the city in the center, the airport on the periphery&amp;mdash; shaped life in the twentieth century, from the central city to exurban sprawl. Today, the ubiquity of jet travel, round-the-clock workdays, overnight shipping, and global business networks has turned the pattern inside out. Soon the airport will be at the center and the city will be built around it, the better to keep workers, suppliers, executives, and goods in touch with the global market.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; This is the aerotropolis: a combination of giant airport, planned city, shipping facility, and business hub. The aerotropolis approach to urban living is now reshaping life in Seoul and Amsterdam, in China and India, in Dallas and Washington, D.C. The aerotropolis is the frontier of the next phase of globalization, whether we like it or not.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; John D. Kasarda defined the term &amp;ldquo;aerotropolis,&amp;rdquo; and he is now sought after worldwide as an adviser. Working with Kasarda&amp;rsquo;s ideas and research, the gifted journalist Greg Lindsay gives us a vivid, at times disquieting look at these instant cities in the making, the challenges they present to our environment and our usual ways of life, and the opportunities they offer to those who can exploit them creatively. Aerotropolis is news from the near future&amp;mdash;news we urgently need if we are to understand the changing world and our place in it.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;John D. Kasarda &lt;/b&gt;is a Professor at the Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Greg Lindsay &lt;/b&gt;is a journalist who has written for &lt;i&gt;Time, Business Week &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Fast Company&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; The Ever-Changing American City seeks to help readers understand the marked changes since 1945 in what constitutes a city in the United States and who lives and works in them. The story of the postwar American city is not a simple tale of decline and rebirth. Nor is it a straightforward account of the struggle between the old urban core or central business district and the suburbs on the urban periphery, for both have had their economic ups and downs. In the decades after World War II, the cityscape was altered to better accommodate the automobile, and the city gradually transformed from a place of production to a place of consumption. During the 1980s, city neighborhoods once occupied by migrants from the American South and immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe began to house newcomers from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. The economic, environmental, and social issues now facing American cities from Portland, Maine, to Portland, Oregon, will require them to continue the process of remaking or reinventing themselves.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;John F. Bauman&lt;/b&gt; is visiting professor of community planning and development at the Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, and professor emeritus of history at California University of Pennsylvania.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Roger Biles&lt;/b&gt; is professor of history at Illinois State University.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Kristin M. Szylvian&lt;/b&gt; is associate professor of history at St. John's University.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; Experts estimate that perhaps forty square miles of Detroit are vacant&amp;mdash;from a quarter to a third of the city &amp;mdash;a level of emptiness that creates a landscape unlike any other big city. Author John Gallagher, who has covered urban redevelopment for the Detroit Free Press for two decades, spent a year researching what is going on in Detroit precisely because of its open space and the dire economic times we face. Instead of presenting another account of the city&amp;rsquo;s decline, Reimagining Detroit: Opportunities for Redefining an American City showcases the innovative community-building work happening in the city and focuses on what else can be done to make Detroit leaner, greener, and more economically self-sufficient.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Gallagher conducted numerous interviews, visited community projects, and took many of the photographs that accompany the text to uncover some of the strategies that are being used, and could be used in the future, to make twenty-first century Detroit a more sustainable and desirable place to live. Some of the topics Gallagher discusses are urban agriculture, restoring vacant lots, reconfiguring Detroit&amp;rsquo;s overbuilt road network, and reestablishing some of the city&amp;rsquo;s original natural landscape. He also investigates new models for governing the city and fostering a more entrepreneurial economy to ensure a more stable political and economic future. Along the way, Gallagher introduces readers to innovative projects that are already under way in the city and proposes other models for possible solutions&amp;mdash;from as far away as Dresden, Germany, and Seoul, South Korea, and as close to home as Philadelphia and Youngstown&amp;mdash;to complement current efforts.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Ultimately, Gallagher helps to promote progressive ideas and the community leaders advancing them and offers guidance for other places dealing with the shrinking cities phenomenon. Readers interested in urban studies and environmental issues will enjoy the fresh perspective of Reimagining Detroit.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;John Gallagher&lt;/b&gt; is a veteran journalist who writes about urban and economic development for the Detroit Free Press.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>Le vieillissement en Europe : quelques 
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; We live in a world of big cities. Urbanization, globalization and modernization have received considerable attention but rarely are the connections and relations between them the subjects of similar attention. Cities are an integral part of the network of globalization and important sites of modernization.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Globalization, Modernity and The City weaves together broad social themes with detailed urban analysis to explore the connections between the rise of big cities, the creation of a global network and the making of the modern world. It explains the growth of big cities, the urban bias of global flows and the creation of metropolitan modernities. The text develops broad theories of the subtle and complex interactions between urbanization, globalization and modernization in a sweep of the urban experience across the globe. Thematic chapters explore the making of the modern city in profiles of the growth of urban spectaculars, the role of flanerie, the traffic issues of the modernist city, recurring issues of urban utopias and the rise of the primate city.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Detailed case studies are drawn from cities in Australia, China and the USA. Urban snapshots of cities such as Atlanta, Barcelona, Istanbul, Mumbai and Seoul provide a truly global coverage. The book links together broad social themes with deep urban analysis. This well-written, accessible and illustrated text will appeal to the broad audience of all those interested in the urban present and the metropolitan future.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;John Rennie Short&lt;/b&gt; is Professor of Geography and Public Policy at the University of Maryland (UMBC), USA.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>Despite half a century of regional policy and recently massive rises in unemployment levels, the basic geographical pattern of regional problems in the United Kingdom remains, albeit with modifications. However, during the 1980 s, major job losses occured not only in the north (excluding northern Scotland) and in the big industrial conurbations, as before, but also in «small town England» and all occupational types are now affected. Besides working age population continues to increase rapidly. The geography of unemployment is studied at three levels : regional level (the south of the country is generally better off but there is no clear latitudinal division); local labour markets; micro ward level. Government policies have reacted to rising unemployment in a very haphazard fashion.</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; Since the early 1970s the increasingly effective conduct of archaeological work in the City of London and surrounding parts of the conurbation have revolutionised our view of the development and European importance of London between 1100 and 1600. There have been hundreds of archaeological excavations of every type of site, from the cathedral to chapels, palaces to outhouses, bridges, wharves, streams, fields, kilns, roads and lanes. The study of the material culture of Londoners over these five centuries has begun in earnest, based on thousands of accurately dated artefacts, especially found along the waterfront. Work by documentary historians has complemented and filled out the new picture.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; This book, written by an archaeologist who has been at the centre of this study since 1974, will summarise the main findings and new suggestions about the development of the City, its ups and downs through the Black Death and the Dissolution of the Monasteries; its place in Europe as a capital city with great architecture and relations with many other parts of Europe, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; London has been the most intensively studied medieval city in Europe by archaeologists, due to the pace of development especially since the 1970s. Thus although this will be a study of a single medieval city, it will be a major contribution to the Archaeology of Europe, 1100-1600.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;John Schofield&lt;/b&gt; retired as Curator of Architecture at the Museum of London in 2008. He has been an archaeologist with the Museum since 1974 and has written several well-received books about medieval towns and buildings including The Building of London from the Conquest to the Great Fire (3rd edition, 1999), Medieval London Houses, (2nd edition, 2003) and (with Alan Vince) Medieval Towns (2nd edition, 2003).&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse aux processus d'appropriation spatiale à travers l'étude des Cubano-américains et de leurs ancrages dans l'agglomération de Miami depuis la révolution cubaine. Dans une démarche entre géographies politique, culturelle et sociale, cette thèse cherche à démontrer comment la trajectoire de Miami est aujourd'hui indissociable de celle des Cubains qui ont gagné la ville. Minorité devenue majoritaire, les Cubano-américains ont bénéficié d'un contexte géopolitique particulier (la guerre froide) pour s'implanter et développer Miami. À différentes échelles, cette étude analyse les relations de pouvoir et les modalités de circulation qui font naître une multitude de territoires en perpétuelles renégociations dans cette ville en chantier. En abordant Miami comme un carrefour américain, cette thèse explore les processus en cours qui « produisent l'espace » de la ville mais font également de celle-ci le théâtre d'une « troisième Amérique » qui se forme et se transforme au gré de créolisations.</text>
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                <text>L'analyse présentée dans cet article s'appuie sur la base de données constituée par l'UITP (Union Internationale des Transports Publics), « The millennium Cities Database », qui dresse un état des lieux des systèmes de transport urbain dans 100 agglomérations du monde. Les données concernent la démographie, la structure urbaine, les réseaux de transport, la mobilité, les effets environnementaux, etc. L'analyse illustre le clivage entre un profil intensif et un profil extensif de systèmes de transport urbain. Elle explore des relations possibles entre la part de marché des transports collectifs et, d'une part, les conditions géographiques et économiques, d'autre part, les caractéristiques et les performances des systèmes de transport. Ce travail aboutit à un modèle économétrique explicatif de la part des transports collectifs. Pour finir, une réflexion sur l'ensemble des leviers de commande influant le système des transports publics conduit à s'interroger sur le devenir des agglomérations relevant d'une « mobilité à l'européenne » et le risque de glisser vers une « mobilité à l'américaine ».</text>
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                <text>L'évolution des temps de transport quotidiens, une question actuelle&lt;br /&gt;Les tendances récentes semblent remettent en cause la stabilité des budgets-temps de transport (BTT), toutefois, la hausse des temps de transport quotidiens n'affecte pas toutes les villes et tous les groupes de population de la même façon. Au-delà d'un simple constat de BTT moyens plus élevés des agglomérations suisses que des villes françaises, les différences entre les deux pays semblent trouver une origine dans les organisations urbaines et les politiques de transport menées. Mais ces temps de déplacement résultent aussi d'arbitrages individuels : le comportement de mobilité est le reflet de l'interconnexion de multiples dimensions et choix individuels, tels que la localisation résidentielle, la participation aux activités en certains lieux, les aspirations individuelles en termes de composition des programmes d'activités, les interrelations entre membres des ménages,... Ce projet de recherche a ainsi souhaité interroger la variabilité spatiale et temporelle des BTT en la rapprochant de déterminants proprement collectifs (localisations, offre et politiques de transport), et des facteurs déterminant les comportements individuels de mobilité.&lt;br /&gt; Des analyses comparatives&lt;br /&gt;A l'aide d'une base de données très riche, les comparaisons spatiales et temporelles apportent une connaissance approfondie des comportements de mobilité. Après un travail d'homogénéisation assurant la comparabilité des indicateurs, 14 enquêtes déplacements ont été réunies, soit 245 000 déplacements réalisés par 57 000 individus au total, et presque autant d'emplois du temps reconstitués, pour les agglomérations de Berne, Genève, Zurich (en 1994- 2000), côté suisse, Grenoble (1992-2001), Lyon (1985-1995), Rennes (1991-2000), Strasbourg (1988-1997), côté français.&lt;br /&gt;Ces données ont été complétées par des entretiens sociologiques menés dans la région alémanique auprès d'individus caractérisés par des BTT très élevés. Par ailleurs, des informations géographiques (type de zone résidentielle, offre de transport) ont été intégrées aux enquêtes de Lyon et de Grenoble. Pour ces deux villes, les résultats sont présentés spatialement à un niveau fin. Ainsi, à Grenoble, l'intégration des accès autoroutiers met en évidence dans les zones de résidence dotées d'un échangeur autoroutier, des BTT plus faibles, pour des nombres de déplacements équivalents. &lt;br /&gt;Une fois opérée l'analyse agrégée des mobilités et de l'impact des politiques de transport et d'urbanisme sur les temps de transport individuels, l'étude a porté sur certaines questions relatives aux comportements de mobilité et d'allocation du temps aux activités. Dans cet objectif, ont été recherchées et mobilisées des complémentarités entre méthodes d'analyse économique, sociologique et spatiale.&lt;br /&gt;Des apports sur plusieurs plans&lt;br /&gt;Concernant les enseignements méthodologiques, il est à noter que les analyses quantitative et les entretiens s vont dans le même sens d'une gestion des temps de transport a priori paradoxale, les temps de transport ne semblant pas régis par une logique de minimisation. Par ailleurs, la spatialisation des emplois du temps et de l'offre de transport s'appuie sur la coproduction du SIG et du modèle économétrique. L'alimentation mutuelle de ces outils montre tout l'intérêt de prendre en compte les contextes spatiaux dans l'étude des comportements de mobilité et d'allocation du temps aux activités : l'introduction, de variables spatiales suggère une détermination au moins partielle des emplois du temps par les caractéristiques de l'espace urbain.&lt;br /&gt;Concernant la connaissance des évolutions et des déterminants, les résultats indiquent tout l'intérêt de la prise en compte, dans l'analyse des mobilités et de leurs durées, des dimensions suivantes : &lt;br /&gt;- les attributs individuels et du ménage, qui définissent les possibilités en termes de mobilité et les obligations en termes d'activités, et qui caractérisent de façon plus générale le mode de vie et de mobilité de l'individu ;&lt;br /&gt;- les temps urbains, au sens de la gestion des temps de transport individuels dans un système de temporalités urbaines, du ménage et individuelles. La constitution des emplois du temps est réalisée par l'individu en tenant compte de ces multiples interactions, et notamment des relations entre durées d'activités et temps de transport. Si ces relations ne sont certainement pas univoques, cette étude confirme que BTT sont liés aux activités poursuivies. Et la modélisation de ces relations permet de proposer des "intensités temps de transport" selon le type d'activité et non-linéaires avec les durées d'activité ;&lt;br /&gt;- la caractérisation des espaces urbains par l'offre d'aménités, l'accès à ces aménités et la contrainte sur les déplacements, résultant de la structure urbaine et du système de transports montre que la dimension spatiale joue sur les budgets-temps de transport. Toutefois, ce constat est difficilement interprétable en raison du découpage des agglomérations en trois zones, nécessaire pour assurer une comparabilité entre villes, mais insuffisant pour pouvoir rapprocher les observations des BTT aux caractéristiques des zones. L'étude plus fine de Lyon et Grenoble indique clairement l'influence du gain d'accessibilité sur les budget-temps de transport et ses inégalités spatiales.</text>
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                <text>Cet article combine les méthodologies quantitatives et qualitatives pour l'étude des motivations conduisant certains individus à consacrer des temps importants à leur mobilité.&lt;br /&gt;Tout d'abord, une analyse quantitative des budgets-temps de transport (BTT) dans sept villes (Berne, Genève, Grenoble, Lyon, Rennes, Strasbourg et Zurich) éclaire le rapport entre le temps de transport et les caractéristiques des individus et des ménages. Un second résultat est qu'environ 20% des individus de l'échantillon de chaque ville font face à des déplacements de longue durée (plus de 100 minutes). Dès lors, le modèle de durées estimé suggère un comportement atypique de ces individus, qui n'est pas explicable par leurs caractéristiques.&lt;br /&gt;Ensuite, les résultats des entretiens qualitatifs déclaratifs d'individus, dont les BTT sont supérieurs à deux heures sont présentés. Diverses dimensions illustrent les choix ou les obligations qui causent ces BTT extrêmes. L'approche sociologique complète l'approche quantitative et illustre que l'allocation de temps au transport n'est pas uniquement déterminée par l'activité à destination et les modes de transport, mais aussi par d'autres éléments tels que les convictions personnelles, les interactions avec les autres membres du ménage, la perception de ce temps de transport, etc. Notamment, le temps de transport peut être perçu comme un temps support d'autres activités (ex. travailler, écouter de la musique, etc.)</text>
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                <text>7ème colloque du groupe de travail « Mobilité spatiale et fluidités sociales » de l'AISLF</text>
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                <text>Temps de transport - comportement de mobilité - influences de société - modèles de durées - méthode mixte</text>
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                <text>Les temps de transport : double regard des approches sociologique et économétrique</text>
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                <text>The paper exams the relationships between travel and activity times, in 7 travel surveys from 4 French and 3 Swiss cities, observed at two different periods. First, we test proportional assignment of total daily available time to activities (including transport). Second, proportionality is tested between (1) daily travel time of a given purpose with respect of the daily activity duration and (2) the trip time associated to the duration of the activity at destination. Only daily leisure time and daily travel time are fixed proportion of total daily available time. At disaggregated level, the trip duration do not show proportionality with activity duration. Finally questioning the proportionality and the linear adjustment, we regress the travel time budgets using duration models. This methodology is particularly adapted to the duration analysis and leads to non-linear relation between travel time and activity times. Leisure and shopping activities exhibit increasing and convex travel time intensities.</text>
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                <text>WCTRS, University of California. 11th World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR'07, June 24-28 2007, Berkeley, CA</text>
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                <text>activity-based analysis - time use - travel time</text>
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                <text>The role of travel time budgets – Representation of a demand derived from activity participation</text>
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                <text>Dans le cadre du premier rapport de recherche, le travail de Zahavi est étudié afin d'énoncer clairement la conjecture de Zahavi et de comprendre les objectifs de son travail. Dans un second temps, le rapport tente de construire un premier cadre de réflexion sur la signification et les interprétations d'une régularité de comportement. Enfin, quelques pistes de critiques sont apportées par le croisement du système de réflexion sur les régularités, les critiques théoriques établies sur le travail de Zahavi et d'autres travaux empiriques relatifs aux budgets de transport.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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                <text>La "Loi" de Zahavi, quelle pertinence pour comprendre la contraction ou la dilatation des espaces-temps de la ville ?</text>
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