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                <text>Les travaux de réhabilitation du pont sur le fleuve Wouri, à Douala, ont nécessité la restriction de la circulation d’une partie des transports collectifs urbains. Pour compenser la diminution de l’offre de transport, un service payant de navette pour la seule traversée du pont a été institué. Les mesures de circulation adoptées sans prévision des effets potentiels ont mis à jour des incohérences dans le fonctionnement institutionnel et ont rajouté des contraintes fortes aux usagers des transports collectifs. Un événement exceptionnel met ainsi en lumière le caractère névralgique des grands équipements de transport dans le fonctionnement des systèmes urbains africains. </text>
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                <text>Rehabilitation work of the bridge on the Wouri river, in Douala, required the restriction of vehicle traffic, particularly taxis and motorbike taxis. To compensate for the reduction in public transport provision, a paying bus service for the crossing of the bridge was set up. The traffic restriction, imposed without forecasting side effects, revealed inconsistencies in institutional functioning and added on strong constraints to public transport users. Such an exceptional event shows evidence of the key role of large transport facilities in the functioning of African urban systems. </text>
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                <text>Quand tout ne tient qu’à un pont ! Réfection d’ouvrage et dysfonctionnements urbains à Douala</text>
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                <text>Cet article vise à illustrer les liens entre mobilité quotidienne et processus de ségrégation spatiale dans les villes d’Afrique sub-saharienne. Dans un contexte général de croissance démographique, d’étalement urbain, et de pauvreté persistante des ménages comme des acteurs publics, à Dar es Salaam, à Dakar, comme dans d’autres grandes villes africaines, les transports s’avèrent problématiques. Les études de cas mettent en évidence les écarts très importants existant dans l’accès à la ville entre les marcheurs et les usagers des modes motorisés, entre les résidents des quartiers lotis et accessibles et ceux habitant dans les quartiers non lotis et enclavés. Les nombreuses lacunes dans l’équipement et dans l’accessibilité des quartiers renforcent l’impact négatif des faibles revenus sur la mobilité, et favorisent un repli contraint sur le quartier, au risque d’un approfondissement de la pauvreté et de la ségrégation urbaines </text>
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                <text>The aim of this article is to illustrate the links between daily travel and spatial segregation in sub-Saharan Africa cities. In a context of rapid demographic growth, unplanned urban sprawl and increasing poverty of the public sector and the population, in Dar Es Salaam and Dakar, like in other large African cities, trips between distant districts are problematic. The case studies highlight differential access to the urban space between the “confirmed pedestrians” and the users of motorised means of transport, and between the residents from the well-off planned and accessible districts and those from the poor unplanned and inaccessible ones. Deficiencies in the supply of basic facilities and in the accessibility to the neighbourhoods reinforce the negative impact of low incomes on daily travel, and encourage the confinement of populations in their neighbourhood with the risk of increasing urban poverty and segregation. </text>
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                <text>La ville hors de portée ? Marche à pied, accès aux services et ségrégation spatiale en Afrique subsaharienne</text>
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&#13;
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                  <text>La Revue électronique européenne de géographie Cybergeo est conçue pour permettre une communication plus rapide de la recherche et pour promouvoir une discussion plus directe entre auteurs et lecteurs. Dans le but d'élargir l'échange des idées, des méthodes et des résultats, elle publie dans les principales langues européennes. Elle est ouverte largement sur la géographie, sans parti pris d'école ni de thématique. Elle garantit un bon niveau scientifique des articles en les soumettant à un comité de lecture international. Elle permet aussi la libre expression en s'accompagnant de forums de discussion et de listes de diffusion. Elle offre un accès facile aux articles grâce à un système de rubriques et de recherche par mots-clés. Tant que cela sera possible, elle est d'accès libre et gratuit.</text>
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                <text>L´inauguration de la ville de Célébration par la compagnie Disney a marqué en 1996 la première véritable incursion du groupe dans la planification d´une ville tout entière connue pour accueillir 20.000 habitants permanents. Du point de vue de saconception, Celebration se rattache au récent courant de la planification néo-traditionnelle et fonctionne à ce titre comme la Main Street des parcs d´attraction, ville-refuge faisant explicitement référencé à un passé idéalisé. Cet article s´attache essentiellement à montrer les influences qui ont présidé la création et à la vente de cette ville idéale promue comme une alternative aux banlieues dégradées des années cinquante de la Sun Belt, et analyse les réactions qui ont accueilli l´inauguration de la ville dans la presse américaine.</text>
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                <text>On the fourth of July 1996, the Walt Disney Companydedicated its last creation, the city of Celebration, its first true attempt at planning a whole city built to house 20.000 people. Celebration was designed according to the standards of the neotraditional town-planning movement and thus reproduces the Main Street section of the theme parks. Its attempt to function as a refuge-city is suggested through references to an idealized past. This article aims to show the influences used during the design stage and the promotion of the city, aswell as the reactions it sparked in the American press : Celebration was infact presented to the public as a prime alternative to decaying fifties suburbs of the Sun Belt, a utopia for the nineteen-nineties.</text>
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Cet article s'appuie sur des outils actuels pour analyser la dynamique de la croissance économique
au Brésil (1970-2000). L'Analyse Spatiale Exploratoire des Données, les chaînes de Markov et les
techniques de kernel stochastique (spatialement conditionné) sont combinées et appliquées au PNB
par tête des Zones de Minimum Comparable (ZMC) du Brésil et ses régions. Les ZMC tendent à
converger vers les classes de leurs voisins, avec des probabilités plus grandes dans les classes élevées ;
les trajectoires divergentes sont fréquentes. Les résultats corroborent l'importance de l'espace et le fait
que les tests de convergence traditionnels sont insuffisants pour réveler la dynamique de la croissance
économique au Brésil.
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        La dynamique spatiale de la croissance économique au Brésil (1970-2000) : une approche empirique
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                <text>« On les aide à partir ». Le relogement comme révélateur des contradictions du développement social dans le cadre de la rénovation urbaine</text>
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                <text>rénovation urbaine</text>
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                <text> développement local</text>
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                <text> métiers et compétences</text>
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                <text> vulnérabilité résidentielle</text>
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                <text>Cet article étudie une opération de rénovation urbaine donnant lieu à la démolition d’une tour d’habitation et au relogement des populations dans le cadre d’une opération de rénovation urbaine menée dans le 17e arrondissement de Paris. Il s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux acteurs institutionnels en charge de promouvoir ce projet de transformation du quartier, plutôt qu’aux habitants directement. Comment leur action fondée sur le développement des ressources et des capacités locales s’exerce-t-elle ? Comment les différents acteurs institutionnels correspondant à différentes scènes d’action développent-ils l’articulation entre communication sur le projet et travail de proximité ? Comment tentent-ils de couper les fils qui constituaient l’attachement des habitants à leur lieu de vie ? Quelles sont leurs méthodes et les difficultés auxquelles ils se heurtent ? Que nous apprennent leurs difficultés sur le rapport des classes populaires aux nouvelles méthodes managériales et à la transformation de leur lieu de vie ?</text>
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                  <text>revue publiée par Société française d'histoire urbaine</text>
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                <text>Dietschy, Paul</text>
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Dès la première moitié du XXe siècle, le football est devenu le sport roi en Italie. Ce 
succès est notamment dû à la superposition d'identités que le calcio a pu produire 
ou endosser. En effet, pour les pionniers du ballon rond, le football était paré du 
prestige de l'Angleterre et, plus généralement, de la modernité incarnée par les 
pratiques sportives. Puis, à l'issue de la Grande Guerre, le football cristallisa les 
sentiments d'appartenance identitaire campaniliste ou régionaliste, exprimés par 
les violences des supporters. Le régime fasciste tenta d'orienter à son profit ces 
modes d'identification, en limitant l'expression des régionalismes, et, surtout, en 
instrumentalisant les succès de l'équipe nationale italienne, la squadra azzurra.
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                <text>Histoire urbaine, n 3, 1, 2001-06-01, pp.133-148</text>
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                <text>Une passion urbaine : football et identités dans la première moitié du vingtième siècle. </text>
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                <text>Dans les interstices de la ville : les Albanaises à Athènes.

Au lendemain de 1989, les pays sud-européens, Grèce incluse, auparavant lieux d'émigration, sont devenus la destination privilégiée d'importants flux migratoires. Actuellement de nombreux rapports et études soulignent la présence nombreuse des femmes dans ces mouvements migratoires - ce qui remet en question le stéréotype du migrant homme, jeune et célibataire. La prise de conscience de la présence de femmes migrantes, différemment représentées dans les diverses communautés, a ouvert de nouvelles pistes de recherche féministe - avec l'apparition de nouvelles tensions dans les débats féministes, particulièrement au sud de l' Europe où l' expérience des sociétés multiculturelles est très récente. C'est également le cas dans les études de géographie urbaine auxquelles cet article cherche à contribuer, à partir d' une recherche en cours à Athènes. Athènes, comme toutes les villes de Grèce, a connu un développement dans lequel ce que l'on appelle "secteur informel" joue un rôle clé : tant en ce qui concerne la production de l' espace que le marché du travail et le fonctionnement des institutions. Ceci a légitimé, entre autres, l'engagement limité et parfois controversé de l' Etat dans un certain nombre de domaines d' intervention, incluant la qualité de vie, le logement et l'aménagement - ce qui limite le contrôle direct de l'État dans la vie quotidienne. Le fonctionnement du "secteur informel" a entraîné des problèmes urbains pour lesquels Athènes est réputée, mais a laissé des failles ayant permis l'apparition et le développement de mécanismes d'intégration sociale. De telles failles ont permis aux migrantes (et aux migrants) de trouver travail et logement et de s' établir dans leur lieu de destination. Cet article se base sur le posulat que les migrantes ne sont pas des agents passifs, qu'au contraire elles développent des stratégies de survie et cherchent activement à déterminer les conditions de leur installation dans leur nouvel environnement. Cet article soutient que leur présence dans les quartiers centraux d'Athènes a contribué à la revitalisation du centre-ville, en introduisant de nouveaux usages des services, infrastructures et espaces publics. À travers les interviews des Albanaises à Athènes, l'article examine trois niveaux spatiaux : le voisinage, la ville et la trajectoire, et cherche à établir des liens entre genre et expériences de/dans l'espace.</text>
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                <text>In the aftermath of 1989, Southern European countries including Greece, former places of out-migration, have become the destination of massive waves of migrants. By now numerous estimates, reports and studies point to the high presence of women in these migratory movements - which challenges established stereotyped images of the migrant as a young male single person. The "discovery" of women migrants, with different presence in various migrant communities, has opened new areas of feminist research - and new tensions in feminist debates, particularly in Southern Europe where the experience of multicultural societies is very new. This is the case in urban geography/studies, to which this paper seeks to contribute, based on on-going research in Athens. 
Athens, like all Greek cities, has a development history in which what has been called "the informal" plays a key role: in the production of space, in the labour market, in the functioning of institutions. This has legitimated, among other things, the limited and sometimes controversial involvement of the state in several potential fields of intervention, including welfare, housing and planning, thus reducing direct state control on everyday life. The workings of the informal have contributed to urban problems for which Athens is notorious, but have left "gaps" where mechanisms of social integration could and have developed. Such gaps have made it possible, until recently, for women (and men) migrants to find a job and home, to establish themselves in their place of destination. Based on the premise that women migrants are not passive agents, but that they develop strategies of survival and actively seek to determine the terms of their settlement in the new environment, the paper argues that their numerous presence in many central neighbourhoods of Athens has contributed to the revitalisation of the inner city, by introducing new uses of its facilities, services, infrastructures and public spaces. Through interviews with Albanian women in Athens, the paper looks into three spatial levels, neighbourhood, city, trajectory, and seeks to understand the links between gender and experiences of/in space.</text>
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                <text>Vaiou Dina. In the Interstices of the City: Albanian Women in Athens . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2002-3. Questions de genre. pp. 373-385.</text>
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                  <text>revue publiée par Armand Colin</text>
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                <text>Revue d'Économie Régionale &amp; Urbaine, , 4, 2007-11-01, pp.729-753</text>
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                <text>Développement rural</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="419049">
                <text> petites villes</text>
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                <text> intégration économique locale</text>
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                <text> small towns</text>
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                <text> local economic
integration</text>
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                <text>L'intégration économique locale des entreprises et des territoires ruraux : Une analyse basée sur 12 bourgs et petites villes françaises et portugaises  </text>
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                  <text>Belgeo est la seule revue scientifique nationale de géographie en Belgique. Au-delà des articles thématiques ou de réflexion, la revue a pour objectif de couvrir les grandes questions géographiques, les problèmes européens et mondiaux ainsi que les problèmes nationaux. Belgeo permet également la propagation des résultats de recherches menées par des géographes belges, souvent à la jonction des approches anglo-saxonne et latine, et ouvre ses pages aux derniers développements tant en géographie humaine que physique.</text>
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                <text>L’irruption de la Chine dans le peloton des grandes puissances mondiales peut être considérée comme un des faits majeurs de ces 20 dernières années. Cette expansion chinoise a soulevé des enjeux spatiaux majeurs dans un contexte favorable de la mondialisation. Dans certains pays africains, la présence chinoise a débuté après les indépendances à travers de grands projets de développement. Actuellement, il s’agit d’une relance fondée sur de nouvelles bases avec des déplacements massifs de population via des canaux officiels ou non et des destinations diverses.La destination du Sénégal a constitué pour les Chinois un cadre de sécurité, de facilité dans les importations des produits, mais surtout de profits commerciaux très bénéfiques. A Dakar, dans un espace aussi stratégique que le Boulevard Général De Gaulle communément appelé “Allées du Centenaire”, les installations chinoises ont profondément modifié l’espace urbain. Il s’est d’abord produit un important processus de “cantinisation” puis une recomposition sociale et spatiale très profonde. Acteurs principaux de ce dynamisme, les Chinois sont en collaboration avec les marchands ambulants, mais aussi avec la volonté des propriétaires des maisons qui profitent des transactions immobilières particulièrement lucratives.  </text>
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                <text>The emergence of China among the top world powers can be considered as one major fact in the last 20 years. China’s expansion has raised crucial spatial stakes in the favourable context of globalisation. In some African countries, China’s presence started after the independence with large-scale development projects. We currently witness a revival founded on news bases with massive population moves – official or not – towards various destinations. For the Chinese, Senegal represents a haven of security, easier imports of products, but most of all very high commercial profits. In Dakar, in the strategic Boulevard Général de Gaulle neighbourhood – commonly called “Allées du Centenaire” –, Chinese facilities have deeply modified the urban space. First of all, a considerable process of “canteenising” has taken place, followed by profound social and spatial reshaping. The Chinese, main players of this dynamism, collaborate with itinerant vendors, but also with homeowners who benefit from particularly lucrative real estate transactions. </text>
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                <text>Gazvoda, Davorin. Advisor</text>
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                <text>Devanthéry-Lamunière, Inès. Advisor. </text>
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                <text>Diskin, Stephen Philip</text>
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                <text>The city in the twenty-first century is in the midst of dramatic changes, and yet many have yet to fully manifest themselves, still concealed in technology and distributed enough to escape general understanding within the existing context of built form. Technology may be outpacing urban architectural theory, and large populations (primarily the young generation who are growing up with computers and mobile phones) are altering the identity, use and ultimately the form of cities. What is this changing identity? The present thesis asserts that if the "first generation" of cities was characterized by built forms and spaces, and the "second generation" defined by mobility, then the "third generation" of cities will certainly be "hyperdynamic", that is, technological, dematerialized, unprogrammed, emergent, adaptable and virtual, if they are to serve the needs and behaviors of their inhabitants. A theory of these three generations coexisting, much like archaeological strata, in the form of three conceptual urban layers is presented, along with consideration of the possible relationships between them. A case study set in the city of Ljubljana highlights emerging changes in the perception of the city and focuses specifically on the Path of Remembrance and Comradeship, a unique urban feature set against the background of Ljubljana's history, technologies and ways of thinking about cities. The case study forms a basis for talking about future trends and the potential for an expanded lexicon of urban dynamics.
Les villes du 21ème siècle font l’objet de changements spectaculaires, pour certaines d’entre elles ces changements sont en cours, encore dissimulés dans la technologie et suffisamment intégrés dans le contexte actuel de la forme architecturale pour échapper à la compréhension générale. La technologie a dépassé la théorie de l’architecture urbaine, et une population importante (principalement la jeune génération qui a grandi avec les ordinateurs et les téléphones mobiles) est en train de changer l’identité de la ville et, par conséquent, la définition des villes. Que signifie ce changement d’identité ? Cette thèse affirme que la première génération de villes est caractérisée par des formes des constructions et par l’aménagement des espaces, la seconde génération est soumise à la mobilité, et la troisième génération de villes sera certainement hyper dynamique, c’est-à-dire technologique, dématérialisée, non-programmée, émergente, adaptable et virtuelle, pour qu’elle puisse couvrir les besoins et les comportements de ses habitants. Une théorie de la coexistence de ces 3 générations, un peu comme une strate archéologique formée de trois couches urbaines conceptuelles, prend en considération ces relations entre elles. Cette étude dans le cadre de la ville de Ljubljana met en évidence ces changements émergents dans la perception de la ville et souligne spécialement sur "Le chemin de la commémoration et de la camaraderie", une caractéristique urbaine unique dans le contexte de l’histoire de Ljubjana, les technologies et les façons de penser nos villes. L’étude de ce cas constitue une base de discussions sur les futures perspectives et le potentiel d’un lexique élargi de la dynamique urbaine.</text>
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                <text>Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne - EPFL</text>
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                <text>cities, urban identity, communications technology, mobility, Path of Remembrance and Comradeship</text>
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                <text>The city transforms : Changing perceptions of urban identity : (Case study - the path of remembrance and comradeship in Ljubljana)</text>
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                <text>Observation locale et politique de la ville</text>
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                <text>politique de la ville, politique urbaine, DIV</text>
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                <text>Cet ouvrage revient sur la mise en place des dispositifs d’observation territoriale de la politique de la ville. Conçu en deux parties, l’ouvrage constitue un véritable outil d’accompagnement à destination des acteurs des politiques urbaines, élus et techniciens.&#13;
&#13;
La publication propose une note stratégique, qui met en relief les enjeux fondamentaux des dispositifs d’observation territoriale, suivie d’un guide méthodologique qui propose pour chaque situation « les principales sources et méthodes d’observation mobilisables ».&#13;
&#13;
Sommaire :&#13;
&#13;
Introduction Les enjeux de l’observation locale de la politique de la ville&#13;
&#13;
L’observation au service de l’action publique locale&#13;
- Des indicateurs de la loi de 2003 à une compréhension des dynamiques urbaines&#13;
- Une exigence nouvelle : l’articulation entre l’observation et l’évaluation des contrats&#13;
- Un débat public à ouvrir aux acteurs locaux&#13;
&#13;
Une organisation locale de l’observation&#13;
- Une échelle pertinente de l’observation locale : l’agglomération&#13;
- Une observation à organiser en partenariat&#13;
- Le choix des échelles infracommunales&#13;
- Les fournisseurs d’informations à mobiliser&#13;
&#13;
L’État au service de l’observation locale&#13;
- L’Observatoire national des ZUS&#13;
- Le SIG Ville : outil de diffusion d’informations statistiques&#13;
- Les centres de ressources régionaux au service de l’observation locale&#13;
- Le rôle de l’État déconcentré&#13;
&#13;
Annexes&#13;
- Annexe 1. Les données disponibles sur le SIG Ville&#13;
- Annexe 2. Les disponibilités nationales des indicateurs de la loi du ler août 2003</text>
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                <text>http://www.ville.gouv.fr/?observation-locale-et-politique-de</text>
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                <text>Editions de la DIV</text>
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                <text>2008-09-01</text>
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