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                  <text>Cybergeo : revue européenne de géographie</text>
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                  <text>La Revue électronique européenne de géographie Cybergeo est conçue pour permettre une communication plus rapide de la recherche et pour promouvoir une discussion plus directe entre auteurs et lecteurs. Dans le but d'élargir l'échange des idées, des méthodes et des résultats, elle publie dans les principales langues européennes. Elle est ouverte largement sur la géographie, sans parti pris d'école ni de thématique. Elle garantit un bon niveau scientifique des articles en les soumettant à un comité de lecture international. Elle permet aussi la libre expression en s'accompagnant de forums de discussion et de listes de diffusion. Elle offre un accès facile aux articles grâce à un système de rubriques et de recherche par mots-clés. Tant que cela sera possible, elle est d'accès libre et gratuit.</text>
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                <text>La place de la ville dans le discours des aménageurs du début des années 1920 à la fin des années 1960.</text>
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                <text>aménagement de la région parisienne</text>
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                <text>aménagement du territoire</text>
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                <text>décongestion</text>
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                <text>extension urbaine</text>
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                <text>géographie volontaire</text>
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                <text>logement</text>
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                <text>lotissements défectueux</text>
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                <text>organisation de l'espace</text>
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                <text>reconstruction</text>
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                <text>ville nouvelle</text>
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                <text>disfunctional housing estate</text>
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                <text>geonomy</text>
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                <text>indusrial decentralisation</text>
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                <text>new town</text>
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                <text>space structure</text>
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                <text>volontarist geography</text>
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                <text>Systèmes ; modélisation ; géostatistiques</text>
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                <text>Espace ; société et territoire</text>
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                <text>Géographie : politique ; culture et représentation</text>
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                <text>Épistémologie et méthodes</text>
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                <text>isi:Urban studies</text>
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                <text>L'étude de la politique d'aménagement du territoire en France conduit à dégager deux axes de réflexion dans l'histoire de son émergence et de ses transformations. Dans le contexte de la reconstruction des villes en 1945, les administrateurs du Ministère de la reconstruction et de l'urbanisme (M.R.U) conçoivent "l'aménagement du territoire" comme un objectif relevant des méthodes de l'urbanisme : l'établissement des projets d'aménagement des communes sinistrées ou non, à l'échelle du pays tout entier. Cette constatation amène à s'interroger sur les périodes de l'entre-deux-guerres et de l'Occupation. L'étude interne de la Délégation Générale à l'Equipement National (D.G.E.N), organisme administratif créé par le gouvernement de Vichy en 1941, révèle l'intensité des réflexions menées de 1941 à 1944 au sein de cette institution autour des thèmes de la "décentralisation industrielle" et de la "décongestion des centres urbains" et la poursuite de ces travaux dans les institutions administratives issues de la scission de la D.G.E.N à la Libération, notamment au M.R.U. L'étude de la période de l'entre-deux-guerres permet d'esquisser la carte des milieux où s'élabore une pensée de l'aménagement des villes, élargi au territoire : l'action du Comité supérieur pour l'aménagement et l'organisation de la région parisienne (C.S.A.O.R.P) souligne l'apparition du thème de la "décentralisation industrielle", envisagée d'abord comme la solution au problème des "lotissements défectueux" puis comme une réponse stratégique aux menaces de bombardements aériens. L'étude interne du M.R.U entre 1944 et 1950 et la reconstitution des carrières des fonctionnaires présents dans les différentes directions démontrent surtout la stabilité remarquable de ce groupe d'aménageurs entre les années 1920 et 1950, du point de vue des responsabilités exercées dans les institutions en charge des questions d'aménagement. Simultanément, l'étude de ce groupe révèle l'existence d'autres milieux de réflexion qui, par leur collaboration occasionnelle avec ces fonctionnaires, participent directement à leurs travaux ou les influencent fortement. L'étude de ces milieux "savants", composés essentiellement de géographes et d'économistes, conduit à accorder une attention particulière aux débats soulevés autour de la question de l'aménagement de Paris et de la région parisienne. L'action administrative et intellectuelle de Jean-François Gravier déclenche la (re)naissance d'un discours politique dirigé contre la capitale. La promotion du modèle de la "métropole régionale" et le lien établi par le service de l'aménagement de la région parisienne (S.A.R.P) du M.R.U entre l'aménagement de la capitale et les enjeux nationaux représentés par l'aménagement du territoire (1947) favorisent le lancement d'un vaste programme de rénovation urbaine où la question du logement joue un rôle décisif. Au cours des années 1960, l'aménagement de la région parisienne entraîne la mise à l'écart des urbanistes professionnels au profit des ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées dans la gestion des questions d'urbanisme.</text>
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                <text>The history of town and country planning policy in France draws the main thrust about her emergence and political changes. Within the context of Reconstruction in 1945, M.R.U conceives the "town and country planning" as an aim that comes under town planning as a branch of learning : drawing up town planning plans in municipalities, damaged or not, on a national scale. This first point of note gives rise to questions about the 20's and the 30's and the years of Occupation. The investigation inside D.G.E.N, administrative organization established by Vichy governement in 1941, reveals the magnitude of thoughts between 1941 and 1944, about "industrial decentralization" and "stroke in towns" and the continuation of work inside administrative organizations established after the Liberation, stemmed from the division in D.G.E.N, especially inside M.R.U. The survey in the 20's and the 30's outlines the circles where a thought about town planning, extended to the territory, is developping. Between 1928 and 1939, C.S.A.O.R.P expands one's sphere of activity about "industrial decentralization", in the first place an answer to the problem of "badly off", a strategic solution against the threat of air raids next. The investigation inside M.R.U between 1944 and 1950 and the identification of high-ranking officials demonstrate their stability between the 20's and the 50's, in the field of town planning. At the same time, the survey inside this group of civil servants reveals the existence of other circles, who collaborate with them and take part in discussions : geografers and economists. Last but not least, the study about scientific circles induces a special care to the debates concerning planning policy in Paris and his suburbs. The administrative and scientific role played by Jean-François Gravier instigates the birth of a discourse against the capital. "Second capital" and the connection established by S.A.R.P in 1947 between plannig in Paris and town and country planning policy induce an urban restoration policy where housing shortage plays a crucial role. Planning policy in Paris points out an eclipse of town planners on behalf of Highways Department too.</text>
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                <text>Couzon, Isabelle</text>
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                <text>UMR 8504 Géographie-cités</text>
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                <text>1997-11-20</text>
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                <text>http://cybergeo.revues.org/1979</text>
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                  <text>Crévilles</text>
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                <text>Stradling, David. Committee Chair</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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                <text>This dissertation examines the growth of tourism as a strategy for downtown renewal in the postwar American city. In the years after World War II, American cities declined precipitously as residents and businesses relocated to rapidly-expanding suburbs. Governmental and corporate leaders, seeking to arrest this decline, embarked upon an ambitious program of physical renewal of downtowns. The postwar urban crisis was a boon for the urban tourist industry. Finding early renewal efforts ineffective in stemming the tide of deindustrialization and suburbanization, urban leaders subsidized, with billions of dollars in public finances, the construction of an infrastructure of tourism within American downtowns. By the latter decades of the period, tourist development had moved from a relatively minor strategy for urban renewal to a key measure of urban success. This dissertation traces the development of postwar urban tourism in the cities of Baltimore, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis. Each city provides a case study for a different type of urban tourist development: hotels, convention centers, stadiums, and festival marketplaces. Such tourist development fulfilled a multiplicity of desires and needs in the postwar city. First, tourism catered to the growing consumerist ethic of postwar America, in which not only goods but experiences became consumer objects; thus cities were remade into easily consumable entities. Secondly, it offered opportunities for urban revitalization that required little in the way of sacrifice from middle-class Americans, an attribute that became especially attractive after the conservative backlash of the late 1960s. Finally, tourist development allowed city leaders to project an image of urban vitality even while much of their cities remained in dire straits. While much of the scholarship on urban tourism has either celebrated its ability to renew cities or condemned its inauthenticity and delocalizing tendencies, this dissertation argues that tourism's often exploitative nature had little to do with its inherent characteristics but rather lay in the choices of leaders who saw a revitalized downtown as their highest goal, and were often willing to sacrifice the traditional measures of civic improvement to achieve that end. </text>
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                <text>http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1203655126</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/901</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/archive/files/b90ab1b911713514909e7e82181ac66c.jpg</text>
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                <text>University of Cincinnati</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>urban history, urban planning, urban renewal, tourism, urban policy</text>
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                <text>A nice place to visit : Tourism, urban revitalization, and the transformation of postwar American cities</text>
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                <text>Cozic, Bertrand</text>
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                <text>La réorganisation productive à l’œuvre depuis le début des années 70 projette chaque fois un peu plus les villes et les ports comme des acteurs majeurs de l’intégration des territoires dans les flux issus de la mondialisation. A Rio de Janeiro, depuis la fin des années 90,  nous observons de nombreuses initiatives de modernisation du système portuaire et de revitalisation des friches portuaires de la ville. Le port est actuellement très dynamique au niveau national dans le domaine des conteneurs, des véhicules (roll-on/roll-off), du pétrole et de ses dérivés (port d’appui logistique de la Petrobras) et enfin du tourisme avec le transport de passagers. Cependant, les relations ville-port à Rio de Janeiro sont caractérisées par de sérieuses difficultés. Jusqu’à présent, les autorités portuaires, la ville, les acteurs privés et la société civile n’ont pas réussi à formuler un véritable projet de développement concerté autour de la ville et du port.Les relations ville-port à Rio de Janeiro sont encore très fortement influencées par des pratiques issues de l’ère industrielle du pays, présentant les deux entités comme incompatibles. D’un côté, la ville cherche à revitaliser ses friches portuaires en développant de grands projets urbains à vocation touristique sur le modèle de nombreuses expériences internationales ; de l’autre, le port cherche à développer ses activités pour faire face aux flux croissants issus de la mondialisation. Pourtant, de véritables politiques de développement innovantes sont expérimentées à travers le monde, comme c’est le cas en Europe dans les villes portuaires de la « rangée Nord » (Northern Range) ou encore en Espagne, ou nous assistons au développement conjoint des deux dynamiques à travers l’élaboration de stratégies économiques concertées.      </text>
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                <text>The productive reorganization in progress since the early 70s projects each time a little more cities and ports as such mains actors of the territory integration in the globalization’s flows. In Rio de Janeiro, since the end of the 90s, we can observe numerous modernisation initiatives of the port system, and of the city waterfront revitalization. The port is actually really dynamic in national level for the containers traffic, vehicles (Roll-on/Roll-Off), Oil and Oil products (Petrobras Logistic port support) and in Tourism with the passengers transport. However, Rio de Janeiro Port-city relationships are characterized by serious difficulties. Until today, Port Authorities, the city, private actors and civil society have not formulated a real concerted development project including the City and the Port. Rio de Janeiro Port-city relationships are influenced by old Industrial Era practices of the country, presenting both entities such as incompatibles. In one side, the city is interested in old port spaces revitalization, by developing huge tourism urban project based on several international experiences; on the other side, the port is interested in developing his activities in order to attend Globalization growth flows. However, true innovating development policies are experimented, such as port cities in the Northern Range or in Spain, places where we can observe a united development of the two dynamics through the elaboration of concerted strategies. </text>
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                <text>Following the loss of heavy, manufacturing industry in many industrial areas in the 1970s and 1980s, tourism has featured extensively in urban and wateriront regeneration policy because of its ability to generate substantial economic benefits to destination communities. There is now an extensive literature covering urban tourism and dockland regeneration, but visitors' perceptions of urban waterfront destinations and their on-site behaviour and d experience remain largely unexplored. Additionally, whilst there is now a substantial body of literature relating to tourism's economic impact at the macro level, less is known about tourism expenditure at destination and sub-destination levels.</text>
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                <text>Il existe plusieurs manières d'aborder la question économique dans l'analyse des dynamiques urbaines. On peut chercher à caractériser une économie territoriale ou décrire une macroéconomie locale. On peut envisager la ville ou le territoire (infra-national) comme un nouveau lieu de régulation politico-économique. C'est un autre point de vue qui a été ici adopté, plus étroit et focalisé sur l'action menée par les villes en direction des entreprises. Divers moyens sont mis en oeuvre par les villes pour ce faire. Parmi ceux-ci, une modalité d'action apparaît spécifique de l'acteur-ville : l'aménagement urbain. Les villes visent donc à stimuler le développement économique à travers la production de l'espace urbain. Des intentions économiques sont à l'oeuvre dans la fabrication de la ville. C'est ce que la recherche a cherché à élucider. Plusieurs questions se posent en effet : celle d'abord de l'alignement des structures et des acteurs qui portent ces interventions ; celle ensuite du rôle indéniable mais difficile à déchiffrer de l'aménagement urbain dans l'action économique locale. Ces différentes questions sont abordées dans la recherche à partir d'une enquête de terrain dans trois agglomérations françaises : Bordeaux, Montpellier et Toulouse.</text>
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                <text>Seule une approche pragmatique et systématisée du passé peut satisfaire l'opinion publique qui réclame réparation pour les victimes du système de l'apartheid et la construction de cités plus équitables dans l'Afrique du Sud de l'après apartheid. Nous estimons que les politiques raciales, appliquées dans les villes ne doivent pas être considérées isolément dans la mesure où l'apartheid a complètement dénaturé les modèles d'urbanisation. L'héritage des manipulations pratiquées dans les villes a...</text>
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                <text>Digital signage is a form of electronic display on digital screens. Its content is regulated through a server that plays texts, animations, videos or slide shows for a targeted audience. Based on a fieldwork study on four streets in Paris, a typology of contents was established. It shows seven types of functionalities: information, advertising, promotion, product presentation, illustration, entertainment and animation. This article deals with how each of these functionalities is part of the atmosphere in public places on one hand, and how they create emotional effects, on the other hand.</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Ambiances / Ambiances en acte(s). Actes du 2nd Congrès International sur les Ambiances</text>
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                <text>Ambiances in action / Ambiances en acte(s) - International Congress on Ambiances, Montreal 2012</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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                <text>digital signage</text>
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                <text>ambient video</text>
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                <text>public space</text>
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                <text>L'ambiance des écrans dans les lieux publics - Le cas de l'affichage numérique</text>
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                  <text>Belgeo est la seule revue scientifique nationale de géographie en Belgique. Au-delà des articles thématiques ou de réflexion, la revue a pour objectif de couvrir les grandes questions géographiques, les problèmes européens et mondiaux ainsi que les problèmes nationaux. Belgeo permet également la propagation des résultats de recherches menées par des géographes belges, souvent à la jonction des approches anglo-saxonne et latine, et ouvre ses pages aux derniers développements tant en géographie humaine que physique.</text>
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                <text>Criekingen, Mathieu Van</text>
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                <text>L’argument central de cet article est qu’il importe d’envisager la gentrification contemporaine comme une stratégie de politique urbaine, multiforme et de grande ampleur. L’enjeu est ici de dépasser les représentations usuelles de la gentrification ne reconnaissant à celle-ci qu’une qualité de processus de transformation urbaine, par lequel un quartier est progressivement dédié à des habitants et utilisateurs plus aisés. Il s’agit de mettre spécifiquement en lumière le rôle joué par les acteurs publics dans l’accompagnement ou l’encouragement des processus de gentrification. L’article propose une lecture transversale des principaux points mis en évidence dans les travaux, encore fort rares, ayant cherché à documenter empiriquement l’émergence d’agendas politiques hissant la gentrification au rang d’objectif plus ou moins assumé et décliné à travers différents domaines d’action publique (politiques du logement, culturelle ou touristique, plans d’infrastructures, etc.). Des travaux menés à Paris, Roubaix et Anvers sont particulièrement commentés, en vue d’en dégager une vue d’ensemble. Il en ressort un éclairage direct sur le contenu des politiques pro-gentrification, mettant en lumière des combinaisons multiformes mais systématiques d’actions sur la demande et sur l’offre d’espaces à gentrifier ainsi que sur la production de représentations visant à conférer une légitimité propre à ces politiques. Ces travaux mettent encore en relief que le déploiement d’un programme politique pro-gentrification s’appuie sur des transformations des structures opérationnelles de gouvernement urbain. En conclusion, l’article plaide pour la poursuite des recherches empiriques sur les politiques de gentrification explorant la variété des contextes urbains locaux et des combinaisons de politiques publiques. Développer cette perspective de recherche est essentiel à l’entretien voire au renouvellement de la portée critique de la notion de gentrification.  </text>
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                <text>This paper essentially argues that contemporary gentrification ought to be conceived of as a prevailing, though place-specific policy strategy. What is at stake is to move beyond common but limited representations of gentrification as a mere process of neighbourhood change through which urban space is dedicated to progressively more affluent users, and to specifically acknowledge the role of state actors in fostering this socio-spatial transformation. The paper mainly builds on findings brought out by selected – and still quite rare – works seeking to empirically document and make sense of the emergence or consolidation of a pro-gentrification coherence across changes in diverse policy fields (e.g. housing, tourism, culture, infrastructures, etc.). Findings brought out of analyses conducted in Paris, Roubaix and Antwerp are particularly scrutinized. They transversally suggest that following a pro-gentrification policy agenda practically means combining actions on demand and supply of gentrifying spaces together with the production of legitimating representations ; moreover, they stress that the arrangement of a pro-gentrification policy agenda is a social construct built on strategic (re-)organisation of urban governance structures. These findings suggest that reinforcing the empirical bases of the multifaceted and place-specific ties between gentrification and urban policy ought to be considered as a priority task for researchers seeking to make sense of contemporary urban change, while sustaining the critical essence of the gentrification concept and further developing its capacity to mobilise around issues of social justice and class domination in cities. </text>
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                <text>http://belgeo.revues.org/7091</text>
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                <text>doi:10.4000/belgeo.7091</text>
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                <text>en</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>gentrification</text>
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                <text>neighbourhood change</text>
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                <text>urban policy</text>
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                <text>gentrification</text>
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                <text>politiques urbaines</text>
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                <text>transformations urbaines</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="557286">
                <text>Gentrification as policy – empirical frontiers</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644244">
                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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                <text>165-177</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="387312">
                <text>Cris Beauchemin</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2002</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="387314">
                <text>Verifying Doubtful Statistics : the Case of the Urban Emigration in Ivory Coast.

In 1995 were published the first results of a demographic survey on migrations and urbanisation in Ivory Coast (EIMU, 1993) : according to it, between 1988 and 1993, rural areas presented a positive migration growth rate at the expense of urban areas. This result was such a surprise that it aroused suspicion : it must have been a measure mistake, survey should not be reliable. Precisely, we want to show that the surge of urban out-migration (i. e. urban to rural migration) is a real demographic fact. The method consists in identifying all statistical bias that could explain on their own the reversal of the urban-rural migration balance. The point is to evaluate their real influence on the measure of migration flows and then to introduce corrective factors so as to control the results. In that way, the bias linked to the apprehension of geographical space are specially regarded. The definitions of migration and of rural or urban areas are particularly examined. Eventually, we want to show that suspicion aroused by the Ivorian survey is in fact the result of a blindness provoked by the obsessions of urban growth and « rural exodus ».</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="387315">
                <text>En 1995 étaient publiés les premiers résultats d'une enquête démographique réalisée en Côte d'Ivoire sur les migrations et l'urbanisation : d'après cette enquête, entre 1988 et 1993, les campagnes enregistraient un solde migratoire positif aux dépens des villes. Le résultat était si improbable qu'il suscita de la méfiance : ce devait être une erreur de mesure, l'enquête ne devait pas être fiable. Précisément, nous voulons montrer que la mise en avant de l'émigration urbaine (migration ville-campagne) dans les échanges entre milieux urbain et rural est un fait démographique réel. La méthode consiste à identifier tous les biais qui pourraient expliquer par eux-mêmes l'inversion des flux entre milieux urbain et rural. Il ne s'agit pas de les évacuer en les niant mais plutôt d'en évaluer la réelle portée sur les résultats afin d'introduire éventuellement des facteurs correctifs. En la matière, les biais liés à l'appréhension de l'espace font l'objet d'une attention particulière. En définitive, nous voulons montrer que la méfiance dont "l'enquête ivoirienne sur les migrations et l'urbanisation" (EIMU) a fait l'objet est en réalité le produit d'un aveuglement suscité par l'obsession de la croissance urbaine et de « l'exode rural ».</text>
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                <text>Beauchemin Cris. Surmonter le doute statistique : le cas de l'émigration urbaine en Côte d'Ivoire. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2002-1-2. Géographie et population. pp. 165-177.</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2002_num_20_1_2029</text>
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                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2002.2029</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>fre</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="387321">
                <text>Urban Outmigration ; Migration ; Statistical Reliability ; Ivory Coast ; Rural Outmigration</text>
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                <text>Exode urbain ; Migration ; Exode rural ; Fiabilité statistique ; Côte d'Ivoire</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Surmonter le doute statistique : le cas de l'émigration urbaine en Côte d'Ivoire</text>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>399-409</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="388895">
                <text>Cris Beauchemin</text>
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                <text>1999</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Alors que l'idée d'un « exode rural » dominant en Afrique occupe encore largement les esprits, on assiste à une inversion des flux de migrations en Côte d'Ivoire : entre 1988 et 1993, les campagnes sont bénéficiaires dans les échanges migratoires entre milieux rural et urbain. L'article cherche à expliquer à la fois les causes et les effets de ce retournement. Premièrement, on présente une typologie des emigrants urbains en fonction de leur âge et de leurs motivations. Deuxièmement, on s'interroge sur la capacité de ces emigrants urbains à transformer, voire à urbaniser les campagnes ivoiriennes.</text>
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                <text>Urban emigration, economic crisis and transformation of rural areas in Ivory Coast.

Though rural depopulation is still dominant in minds about Africa, there is an inversion of migration flows in Ivory Coast : between 1988 and 1993, the urban to rural migrations are dominant. The article tries to explain the causes and the effects of this reversal. Firstly, it presents a typology of the urban emigrants, function of their age and their motivations. Secondly, it examines the urban emigrants' capacity to transform, and even to urbanize the rural Ivory areas.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="388899">
                <text>Beauchemin Cris. Emigration urbaine, crise économique et mutations des campagnes en Côte d'Ivoire. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1999-3. Mélanges. pp. 399-409.</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_1999_num_17_3_1906</text>
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                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.1999.1906</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Ivory Coast ; Urban Emigration ; Urbanization</text>
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                <text>Côte d'Ivoire ; Emigration urbaine ; Urbanisation</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Emigration urbaine, crise économique et mutations des campagnes en Côte d'Ivoire</text>
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                <text>Cairn</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>La banque de données référentielle Archilog </text>
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                <text>S'agissant d'un pays où, en raison de l'effort de construction du second après-guerre, l'essentiel du parc de logements des années 2000 correspond à un héritage du 20ème siècle, ce travail vise à retracer un parcours français dont le caractère singulier a conformé le bâti. Revenant sur les modalités de la genèse au fil du siècle, on retient trois dimensions déterminantes : les spécificités de l'urbanisation française, les contraintes qui résultent d'un cumul de près de trente années d'engagements militaires de nature et d'intensité diverses, et une intervention publique tardive où l'État tient une place éminente. Après avoir examiné comment le modèle antérieur de développement du logement s'est brisé durant le premier vingtième siècle, on concentre l'attention sur la période d'intense construction nouvelle des années 1950-1980, et on s'appuie sur des archives inédites de l'État pour prendre la mesure de cet héritage architectural et urbain, dans sa forme comme dans sa consistance.</text>
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                <text>Université de Nanterre - Paris X</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>politique du logement</text>
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                <text>habilitation ࠤiriger des recherches</text>
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                <text>Se livrant à une enquête très précise dans les archives du Service d'Aménagement de la Région Parisienne, l'auteur souligner les apports de l'étude aussi bien à l'appréciation des problématiques contemporaines de gouvernement de la capitale qu'à la compréhension des logiques à l'oeuvre il y a un demi-siècle. L'Etat et les grands commis apparaissent omniprésents dans les décisions stratégiques comme dans les projets de portée locale. Loin d'être livrée à la finance ou à la banque, l'économie de la construction est encore dominée par l'investissement public ou semi-public (sociétés d'économie mixte). Dans la commande, on relève une forte concentration des maîtres d'ouvrage et des grands architectes qui dominent le secteur du logement. L'industrie (automobile, aéronautique, énergie) et les grandes infrastrructures de transport sont encore la grande affaire du moment. En matière de localisation, la proximité ou l'accessibilité au centre de l'agglomération restent privilégiées, plutôt que les grandes périphéries ou un vaste bassin parisien.</text>
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                <text>Villes en parallèle</text>
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                <text>Une leçon d'histoire pour le présent : le Service d'Aménagement de la Région parisienne (1953-1967)</text>
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  La noblesse parisienne n'a pas fusionné au xviiie siècle. L'aristocratie de l'Ouest parisien incarne la modernité, elle valorise la mixité socioculturelle, elle suit la mode au risque de se ruiner. La robe et le Marais sont plus traditionnels, leur sociabilité est limitée aux parents et aux collègues,leur sobriété va de pair avec une préférence pour les formes culturelles du règne de Louis XIV. Les deux mondes entrent en conflit ouvert dans les années 1760.
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                <text>Genèses, n 76, 3, 2010-01-21, pp.8-29</text>
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                <text>L'autre noblesse (Paris, xviiie siècle)</text>
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                <text>This dissertation examines socio-spatial exclusion in Mexico City’s Historic Center. Specifically, how new power structures are struggled over and negotiated in people’s everyday lives. This work centers on a recently implemented entrepreneurial policy in Mexico City called the Programa de Rescate (The Rescue Program). The prime objective of the policy is to revitalize the streets, buildings, and central plaza of the city’s Historic Center. Although this policy seeks an improvement in the quality of life for the local population, it excludes particular forms of social interaction that are central to the well-being of a large sector of the population, particularly street vendors who rely on public spaces for their daily survival. Much of the existing literature that focuses on socio-spatial exclusion in an entrepreneurial context has emphasized new structures of power and problems posed to excluded groups. However, I argue that despite the constraints placed upon different groups of affected citizens, excluded groups develop survival strategies that enable them to maintain a livelihood and in some cases empower them to thrive. Further, I question conventional thinking that views the state as monolithic and necessarily constraining to marginalized groups and certain (formal and informal) businesses. Rather, I show that state practices are shaped by different social groups, including those sectors of society who are typically viewed as excluded and disempowered. Through a historical analysis of the Mexican state, I show that excluded groups have managed to tap into the state and thus exert influence over the shape and workings of state policies. By analyzing a particular type of public space in the Latin American context – the plaza – my research asks if these spaces have been reconstituted physically or symbolically and if so, how. I critically synthesize Latin American literatures on the plaza and entrepreneurial urban governance; I connect this synthesis with the European and US literature on entrepreneurial urban governance and shed light on processes that this literature has overlooked; and I recast entrepreneurial urban governance by focusing on the role of agency and the multiple ways in which power is practiced by different social groups in everyday life.</text>
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                <text>Mexico City, historic centers, plazas, human geography, urban geography, entreprenurial urban governance</text>
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                  <text>revue publiée par Société française d'histoire urbaine</text>
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                <text>51</text>
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                <text>Crouzet-Pavan, Élisabeth </text>
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                <text> Lecuppre-Desjardin, Élodie</text>
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHU_035_0005</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Cairn</text>
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                <text>Histoire urbaine, n 35, 3, 2012-12-01, pp.5-12</text>
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  La localisation des activités de bureau dans l'espace urbain a longtemps été analysée selon une approche strictement fonctionnelle. La tendance géographique des activités de bureau à se concentrer, dans les centre villes, était expliquée par la réduction des coûts de transport de l'information propres à ces espaces (externalité). Il a fallu attendre les années 1980, observer des mouvements importants de déconcentration géographique des activités de bureau vers les communes de banlieue, pour que d'autres théories spatiales soient explorées. Le coût de l'immobilier et, plus largement, les logiques du marché foncier et immobilier (jeu des acteurs de la filière immobilière) sont alors apparus comme des facteurs de localisation de premier ordre. L'article retrace ce cheminement théorique d'une partie de la recherche urbaine (géographique et économique).
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                <text>Géocarrefour, , 4, 2003-10-01, pp.2-2</text>
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                <text>activités de bureau</text>
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                <text> activités tertiaires</text>
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                <text> CBD</text>
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                <text>L'immobilier de bureau dans l'espace urbain : évolutions des approches théoriques</text>
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  Depuis une génération, nos sociétés construisent massivement des espaces qui, modifiant le rapport traditionnel à la représentation, ne sont plus que représentation car, affranchis du réel qui leur donnait origine, ils deviennent autonomes et performent1 dans la réalisation d'espaces bien réels, images véridiques d'espaces qui n'existent pas. En définissant cette mutation comme un processus de simplification de l'expérience naturelle directe, remplacée par une expérience spécifique et simulée, on bascule dans le glissement de la symbolisation et l'abstraction vers des icônes dont le sens est reconstruit et des situations simulées. Cela débouche sur la mise en lumière de relations de pouvoir cachées entre un petit nombre de personnes capables d'initier ce monde hyper réel et une masse de spectateurs qui en consomment les images réelles. Comme les paysages de films ou de romans policiers, la musique populaire est un vecteur majeur de cette hyper réalisation du monde. Elle véhicule des récits, met en spectacle des modes de vie, des attitudes, langages et modèles sociaux qui construisent une réalité évidente aux populations concernées, bien au-delà des publics passionnés par les musiques en question. À travers le scénario de la mise en spectacle d'une scène scandée par ses événements festifs, elle construit un modèle de cité dont les enjeux (obsessions identitaire et sécuritaire dans un monde marchandisé où les jeux d'échelle deviennent flous), sont évoqués à travers quelques cas.
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=GEOC_831_0015</text>
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                <text>Cairn</text>
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                <text>Géocarrefour, , 1, 2008-03-01, pp.15-23</text>
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                <text>Fête</text>
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                <text> scène</text>
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                <text> musique</text>
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                <text> hyper réalité</text>
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                <text> identité</text>
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                <text>fete</text>
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                <text> popular music</text>
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                <text> hyper reality</text>
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                <text> identities</text>
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                <text>Scène, musique et espaces hyper réels</text>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Crozat, Dominique</text>
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                <text>Raibaud, Yves</text>
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                <text>Nous questionnons les processus de construction de l'ethnicité au moyen de la fête et des événements culturels à Bordeaux en tant qu'ils sont des outils de construction de l'identité, particulièrement des immigrés. Cet article se positionne entre politiques publiques, performativité des discours culturels et études culturelles avec le souci de proposer une lecture du monde qui dépasse ces dernières au moyen de la réintroduction du social et du politique (P. Bourdieu, 1979). Nous posons également la question de la légitimité culturelle sur l'énoncé communément admis en France selon lequel à une logique de marché s'opposerait une logique de politique publique censée corriger l'accès inégal aux " biens culturels " et assurer une égale intégration de tous dans la nation française.</text>
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                <text>Du point de vue de l'ethnicité. Pratiques françaises</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ANTHRO_SE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology</text>
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                <text>Ethnicité-Fêtes-Politiques culturelles-Musique</text>
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                <text>La construction de l'image ethnique par la fête à Bordeaux (France).</text>
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