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                  <text>revue publiée par ERES</text>
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                <text>72</text>
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  La rue est l'une des formes urbaines les plus emblématiques de la rupture avec le modernisme. Pourtant, les conséquences du « retour à la rue » ont rarement été analysées. Cet article montre qu'il est au c?ur du système de sens et de valeurs qui a accompagné la gentrification des quartiers anciens populaires. Le retour à la rue présente deux volets : la convivialité et le mélange social des quartiers populaires traditionnels, et le rôle structurant de la trame viaire dans le paysage urbain traditionnel. Le volet social s'appuie sur des arguments très similaires à ceux mobilisés par les gentrifieurs pour valoriser l'ambiance de leur quartier et pour y justifier leur présence. Le volet paysager a été au c?ur de la revalorisation de l'image des quartiers anciens populaires et a accompagné diverses politiques de réhabilitation.
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                <text>fre</text>
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                <text>Le retour à la rue comme support de la gentrification</text>
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                <text>Malgré une volonté constante des pouvoirs publics d'organiser et de contrôler l'expansion des villes, celles-ci continuent de s'étaler. Toujours plus loin des grands centres urbains, des zones sont ouvertes à l'urbanisation. Ce n'est pas faute de terrains non bâtis près des bordures des agglomérations mais, réglementairement, peu de ces terrains sont urbanisables. Ce malthusianisme foncier résulte principalement de la fragmentation des pouvoirs d'urbanisme et de l'affirmation d'une identité périurbaine, où le rapport à la verdure occupe une place prépondérante. Les réformes récentes de la planification métropolitaine et de l'intercommunalité n'ont pas changé les choses. Tout au contraire, au cours des années 2000, les périurbains se sont dotés d'outils politiques et institutionnels puissants pour faire valoir leur point de vue.</text>
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                <text>L'explosion périurbaine</text>
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                <text>L'étalement urbain résulte de facteurs techniques (facilitation des déplacements) et psycho-sociologiques&lt;br /&gt;(attrait de « la nature »), mais il a aussi une forte composante politique : le peu d'empressement qu'ont&lt;br /&gt;les élus locaux des communes des premières couronnes périurbaines (et surtout leurs électeurs) à ouvrir&lt;br /&gt;leurs territoires aux constructions nouvelles. S'appuyant sur des enquêtes de terrain, l'auteur s'attaque&lt;br /&gt;à cette question lancinante sur laquelle butte, en France, la planification territoriale...</text>
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                <text>Le Malthusianisme foncier</text>
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                <text>Cet article montre que, dans le périurbain, la carte scolaire peut être instrumentalisée politiquement pour servir d'autres objectifs que la mixité sociale. Plus précisément, au-delà des dynamiques ségrégatives associées aux limites tracées par la carte scolaire (notamment par l'intermédiaire des choix résidentiels), cette dernière peut servir les politiques exclusivistes que certaines communes périurbaines mettent en œuvre. Il s'agit là d'un effet des spécificités de la structuration institutionnelle du périurbain. Dans ce dernier, de nombreuses communes sont petites et peu peuplées, à tel point qu'elles constituent souvent un maillon élémentaire des secteurs des établissements scolaires, y compris pour les écoles. Cette structuration institutionnelle offre des prises importantes à des actions publiques exclusivistes, prises qui n'existent pas de manière aussi nette dans les centres. La carte scolaire peut alors renforcer ce que nous proposons d'appeler la « clubbisation » des petites communes périurbaines.</text>
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                <text>Dans son article fondateur de 1938, « Urbanism as a Way of Life », Louis Wirth avait indiqué que les deux principaux facteurs qui donnaient aux modes de vie urbains leurs spécificités étaient la densité et l'hétérogénéité des populations rassemblées. Or, avec la périurbanisation, ces deux facteurs perdent de leurs poids : le peuplement devient moins dense et, surtout, les quartiers résidentiels deviennent beaucoup plus homogènes. Ce constat fonde l'idée que, puisque les caractéristiques historiquement fondatrices de l'urbanité se sont dissoutes avec la périurbanisation, les valeurs et les modes de vie advenus avec cette dernière sont anti-urbains. Cet article veut nuancer ce raisonnement.</text>
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                <text>http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/41/34/62/PDF/charmes_periurb_HAL_V3.pdf</text>
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                <text>Les Annales de la Recherche Urbaine</text>
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                <text>ISSN:0180-930-X</text>
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                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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                <text>périurbain</text>
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                <text>fragmentation communale</text>
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                <text>ségrégation</text>
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                <text>urbanité</text>
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                <text>clubs</text>
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                <text>espaces publics</text>
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                <text>exclusivisme</text>
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                <text>Les périurbains sont-ils anti-urbains ?</text>
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                <text>Charmes, Eric</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>La France des 36.000 communes et des maires cumulant les mandats, constitue en Europe, une curiosité&lt;br /&gt;institutionnelle ; le fait qu'une ville, même de taille modeste, puisse être divisée en six ou sept communes n'a pas&lt;br /&gt;d'équivalent. Certaines communes fusionnent parfois, mais basés sur le consentement mutuel, les mariages&lt;br /&gt;d'intérêts souvent divergents sont difficiles... et le divorce toujours envisageable. Etude de cas dans le Nord.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/32/75/98/PDF/Defusion_p11-16_charmes.pdf</text>
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                <text>FRE</text>
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                <text>Etudes foncières</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>communes</text>
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                <text>intercommunalité</text>
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                <text>sécession</text>
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                <text>défusion</text>
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                <text>fusion</text>
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                <text>périurbain</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="520543">
                <text>La sécession d'une commune</text>
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          </element>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article in non peer-reviewed journal</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="522729">
                <text>Charmes, Eric</text>
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                <text>Vivant, Elsa</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2008</text>
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                <text>Cet article propose d'évaluer le rôle des artistes, et plus particulièrement des squats d'artistes, dans la gentrification. La littérature anglo-saxonne insiste en effet beaucoup sur le rôle déterminant de l'arrivée d'artistes plus ou moins marginaux (ceux de la scène dite off) dans le déclenchement de la gentrification d'un quartier. Ces artistes sont considérés non seulement comme des initiateurs de la revalorisation symbolique des quartiers qu'ils investissent, mais aussi comme des ferments d'un changement d'ambiance qui permettrait l'arrivée de gentrifieurs plus aisés. Cet article met à l'épreuve ce schéma explicatif à partir de l'étude du cas de Belleville à Paris. Il mobilise pour ce faire deux enquêtes, l'une sur le rapport à leur quartier des habitants de deux rues particulièrement gentrifiées, l'autre sur le marché immobilier. Il apparaît que les artistes sont plus des témoins ou des indicateurs de la gentrification que des déclencheurs ou des catalyseurs. Ils sont partie prenante d'un mouvement de revalorisation de la centralité et de ses ressources (notamment culturelle) qui les dépassent. Ce mouvement les dépasse d'autant plus que l'éthique « artiste » s'est largement diffusée dans toutes les couches de la société.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00324079</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="522734">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/32/40/79/PDF/Metropoles_Vivant_Charmes.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="522736">
                <text>Metropoles</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="522737">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>artistes</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>gentrification</text>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>squats</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La gentrification et ses pionniers : le rôle des artistes off en question</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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                <text>Charmes, Eric</text>
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                <text>2007</text>
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                <text>The suburban way of life is tending towards a rejection of tangible confrontation with otherness so that other people – should they be different – become politically invisible. This is at any rate what the critical literature surmises about the growing desire of suburbanites to live amongst their own and sometimes even behind the safe and reassuring walls of gated communities. However appealing this analysis might be, it seems nonetheless rather partial. Suburban populations are increasingly mobile and their everyday horizon is less and less reduced to the immediate perimeter of the neighbourhood. Indeed, how can one interpret the social specialization of residential areas as a sign of “enclavism” when all the statistics available indicate that mobility has become a constitutive factor of people's way of life and the neighbourhood has all but lost its existential weight?&lt;br /&gt;Based on exploratory work, this paper aims to deconstruct the criticism articulated around the opposition of “suburbanism” and “urbanism” by emphasising the effects of the various forms of mobility and showing that they complement the proliferation of homogeneous neighbourhoods. In order to achieve this goal, the paper analyses the culture of people living at the periphery of two large French cities (Paris and Lyon). The arguments given are based both on the existing literature and on research the author carried out in France (Charmes, 2005).&lt;br /&gt;As a result of the analysis conducted, it becomes apparent that the increase in mobilities and the social homogenisation of neighbourhoods can be linked in other ways than the one suggested by the critical literature. On the one hand, contemporary residential areas are not as neutral and sterile as they appear to be. Relationships between neighbours and interactions with people from the surroundings constitute at least an embryonic experience of otherness. Residential areas can therefore be conceived as “transition spaces” between the protected space of the home and the relatively unknown spaces of the large metropolis. &lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, the paper defends the hypothesis that mobilities tend to reinforce the need for stability and control of one's immediate space. Mobilities have lead city dwellers out of the reassuring cocoon of the neighbourhood in which almost everyone was swathed only a few decades ago. This growing uncertainty of life enhances the need to withdraw to a home “base”. However, this need is temporary and only concerns isolated moments of everyday life. The general tendency remains one of dispersal of spatial practices and individualisation of experience.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00139582</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532457">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/95/82/PDF/Charmes2007-cybergeo369.pdf</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>ENG</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="532459">
                <text>Cybergéo : Revue européenne de géographie</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>Urban fragmentation</text>
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                <text>suburbs</text>
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                <text>mobility</text>
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                <text>urbanity</text>
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                <text>urbanism</text>
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                <text>suburbanism</text>
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                <text>neighbourly relationships</text>
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                <text>psychological security</text>
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                <text>Suburban fragmentation versus mobilities : is suburbanism opposed to urbanism ?</text>
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                <text>Faut-il avoir peur de la multiplication des lotissements clos et des rues privatisées ? S'agit-il d'un phénomène&lt;br /&gt;de ségrégation sociale et de repli communautaire, annonciateur de la fin de la civilisation urbaine ?&lt;br /&gt;Est-ce au contraire une réponse à une quête de lien social ?</text>
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                <text>Implantée en 1996 par Disney, dans la périphérie de son grand parc d'Orlando, la ville nouvelle privée de Celebration a aussitôt cristallisé toutes les critiques des penseurs de l'urbain. N'avait-on pas là un exemple parfait de repli sécuritaire des couches sociales supérieures en même temps que celui de la privatisation de la chose publique? A y regarder de plus près , la réalité est pourtant plus complexe.</text>
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                <text>PUBLICNRS: 507189</text>
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                <text>Etudes foncières</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>résidence fermée et sécurisée</text>
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                <text>ville privée</text>
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                <text>péri-urbain</text>
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                <text>Nouvel Urbanisme</text>
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                <text>polycentralité</text>
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                <text>densité</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Celebration : une horreur urbanistique ?</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533370">
                <text>La rue est l'une des formes urbaines les plus emblématiques de la rupture avec le modernisme. Pourtant, les conséquences du « retour à la rue » ont rarement été analysées. Cet article montre qu'il est au coeur du système de sens et de valeurs qui a accompagné la gentrification des quartiers anciens populaires. Le retour à la rue présente en effet deux volets : l'un met en avant la convivialité et le mélange social des quartiers populaires traditionnels ; l'autre souligne le rôle structurant de la trame viaire dans le paysage urbain traditionnel. Or le volet social s'appuie sur des arguments très similaires à ceux mobilisés par les gentrifieurs pour valoriser l'ambiance de leur quartier et pour y justifier leur présence. Le volet paysager a quant à lui été au cœur de la revalorisation de l'image des quartiers anciens populaires et a accompagné diverses politiques de réhabilitation.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00107415</text>
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                <text>PUBLICNRS: 162460</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533373">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/10/74/15/PDF/Charmes_revise_espace_soc.pdf</text>
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533376">
                <text>Espaces et sociétés : le sens de la forme</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533377">
                <text>Espaces et sociétés : le sens de la forme</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533379">
                <text>retour à la rue</text>
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                <text>rue</text>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>Belleville</text>
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                <text>habitat</text>
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                <text>quartier</text>
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                <text>espace public</text>
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                <text>paysage urbain</text>
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                <text>gentrification</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533388">
                <text>Le retour à la rue comme support de la gentrification</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533389">
                <text>article in non peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533392">
                <text>Charmes, Eric</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533393">
                <text>2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533394">
                <text>L'habitat individuel dense n'a de sens que si l'on parvient à l'intégrer dans un environnement qui donne de la valeur à la densité. Pas de « maison de ville » sans ville. Cela passe par l'organisation d'itinéraires commerçants : par exemple, entre la gare et le centre bourg ou d'éventuels centres de lotissements. On aboutit alors à la notion de centralité linéaire.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533395">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00109961</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533396">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/10/99/61/PDF/P14-17_charmes_densification.pdf</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533397">
                <text>FRE</text>
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                <text>Etudes foncières</text>
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                <text>Etudes foncières</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533400">
                <text>Etudes foncières</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="533402">
                <text>périurbain</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="533403">
                <text>première couronne</text>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>densité</text>
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                <text>habitat individuel</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533407">
                <text>commerce</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="533408">
                <text>La densification des lotissements pavillonnaires de grande banlieue</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533409">
                <text>article in non peer-reviewed journal</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533700">
                <text>France</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533701">
                <text>Charmes, Eric</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533702">
                <text>2005</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533703">
                <text>Comment faut-il interpréter la recherche de l'entre-soi et les fermetures d'espaces collectifs dans les ensembles pavillonnaires périurbains ?</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00106931</text>
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                <text>PUBLICNRS: 433492</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533706">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/10/69/31/PDF/charmes_rapports_a_autrui.pdf</text>
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          </element>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533707">
                <text>FRE</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533708">
                <text>La société des voisins. Partager un habitat collectif</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533709">
                <text>La société des voisins. Partager un habitat collectif</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533710">
                <text>La société des voisins. Partager un habitat collectif</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533711">
                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="533712">
                <text>voisin</text>
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                <text>voisinage</text>
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                <text>quartier</text>
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                <text>incivilité</text>
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                <text>relations sociales</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533720">
                <text>Entre ouverture et fermeture : les rapports à autrui dans les tissus périurbains</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
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