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                <text>The paper presents a summary of the main sociolinguistics trends recorded in present-day Arab cities and calls for a comparative studies and program</text>
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                <text>Proceedings of the 5th Aida Conference</text>
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                <text>Impact of Migration on Arabic Urban Vernacular : Advocating a comparative Analysis</text>
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                  <text>Cybergeo : revue européenne de géographie</text>
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                  <text>La Revue électronique européenne de géographie Cybergeo est conçue pour permettre une communication plus rapide de la recherche et pour promouvoir une discussion plus directe entre auteurs et lecteurs. Dans le but d'élargir l'échange des idées, des méthodes et des résultats, elle publie dans les principales langues européennes. Elle est ouverte largement sur la géographie, sans parti pris d'école ni de thématique. Elle garantit un bon niveau scientifique des articles en les soumettant à un comité de lecture international. Elle permet aussi la libre expression en s'accompagnant de forums de discussion et de listes de diffusion. Elle offre un accès facile aux articles grâce à un système de rubriques et de recherche par mots-clés. Tant que cela sera possible, elle est d'accès libre et gratuit.</text>
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                <text>Impact of migration, natural population change and age composition on the redistribution of the population in Sweeden 1970 - 1996</text>
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                <text>redistribution de la population</text>
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                <text>Les objectifs de cette étude sont d'analyser dans un premier temps l'importance de la migration et des variations géographiques en termes de fertilité et de mortalité sur la redistribution de la population entre les municipalités de 1970 à 1996 en Suède ;puis les effets de la composition par âge des communes relativement aux effets des taux de fertilité, de mortalité et de migration sur les changements dans la répartition de la population . La redistribution actuelle de sa population est comparée à la redistribution générée par un ensemble de scenarii. Les scenarii s'appuient sur une projection statique annuelle de la population pour chaque commune. Dans chaque scénario, les effets de l'accroissement naturel et de la migration sont calculés en premier. Puis les effets des différences régionales en termes de composition par âge ainsi que les effets des différences de fertilité et de mortalité et de taux de migration par classe d'âge ont été calculés. L'analyse spatiale est basée sur l'indice de Hoover (Hoover, 1941) et sur une classification des communes suédoises. Un des résultats est que la population en Suède se concentre spatialement pendant la période considérée. Un autre résultat est que le facteur majeur derrière la concentration en Suère repose sur les effets des variations géographiques en termes de composition par âge sur les taux de mortalité et de fertilité.</text>
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                <text>This study examines the population redistribution in Sweden at municipality level between 1970 and 1996. The aims of this study are to analyse : (1) the importance of migration and geographical variations in fertility and mortality for the redistribution of population between municipalities in Sweden from 1970 to 1996 ; and (2) the impacts of age composition in municipalities versus local age-specific fertility, mortality and migration rates on changes in population distribution. The population change in each municipality was calculated as if it was only affected by one demographic factor at the time. The results of these counterfactual scenarios were compared to actual population change and the effect of fertility, mortality, in- and out-migration and age composition was thereby isolated. Measurements of concentration have been used in order to analyse the changing population distribution. The main demographic factor behind the redistribution since 1970 is the geographical differences in age composition and its effects on the natural population change. It is demonstrated that this factor lies behind the trend towards increasing concentration in Sweden, while the impact of migration affects the fluctuations from this trend to a greater extent.</text>
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                <text>Håkansson, Johan</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>UMR 8504 Géographie-cités</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2000-02-29</text>
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                <text>en</text>
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                <text>http://cybergeo.revues.org/5615</text>
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                <text>Belmeziti, Ali</text>
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                <text>Ce travail de recherche vise à appréhender les effets engendrés à terme sur la gestion urbaine de l'eau par le développement progressif de la pratique de récupération et d'utilisation de l'eau de pluie (RUEP), et plus particulièrement sur l'alimentation en eau potable. Il est réalisé de manière prospective à l'échelle de l'agglomération parisienne. Plus largement, cette recherche constitue une contribution au débat ouvert depuis quelques années relatif à la remise en question progressive du modèle centralisé de gestion de l'eau en milieu urbain. Après une description de la pratique urbaine de REUP, ce travail établit un état de l'art des outils et des méthodes scientifiques s'y rapportant, et suggère de se focaliser sur le développement d'une approche de changement d'échelles. L'objectif est de produire, à une échelle urbaine, une estimation significative des économies d'eau potable réalisables en substituant à celle-ci de l'eau de pluie récupérée pour des usages ne requérant pas une qualité d'eau alimentaire. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une approche basée sur l'évaluation séquentielle à l'aide d'une échelle intermédiaire (la commune), d'une logique de regroupement de bâtiments aux caractéristiques comparables au regard de la RUEP et de quatre principes (distinction, agrégation, majoration, hiérarchisation).Sur l'agglomération de Paris, la méthodologie mise en œuvre montre que l'eau de pluie récupérée est susceptible de représenter un potentiel équivalent à 65% des besoins en eau non potable et à 11% du volume d'eau potable distribué. Le travail met également en évidence que le secteur résidentiel constitue le gisement principal de ce potentiel, car il détient 2/3 du potentiel global de l'agglomération. Une première analyse du système d'acteurs impliqués dans la RUEP en milieu urbain complète ce travail. Cette analyse permet de dégager un sous ensemble particulier d'acteurs qui ont la capacité d'effectuer une action " levier " sur la diffusion de cette pratique sur une échelle urbaine, soit directement en raison de leur capacité d'action collective (un ensemble de bâtiments par exemple), soit indirectement au travers de leur capacité d'influencer sur les propriétaires des bâtiments (mécanismes d'incitation notamment).Au final, ce travail permet de situer la RUEP en milieu urbain au sein du débat général portant sur les mutations que connaît la ville d'aujourd'hui</text>
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                <text>http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00718463</text>
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                <text>Université Paris-Est</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>Récupération et utilisation de l'eau de pluie</text>
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                <text>Economies d'eau potable</text>
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                <text>Impact potentiel de l'utilisation de l'eau de pluie dans le bâtiment sur les consommations d'eau potable à l'échelle urbaine : le cas de l'agglomération parisienne</text>
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                <text>Meireles, Antonio Jeovah de Andrade</text>
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                <text>Pour définir les impacts environnementaux associés à l'occupation humaine dans des secteurs caractérisés par l'apport de sédiments (bypass) sur la plage, via des champ de dunes et l’estuaire, ont été réalisées des études géo-environnementales dans la plaine côtière du Caponga, en y incluant un promontoire, une bande littorale et l’embouchure du canal estuarien de même nom. Les résultats ont été représentés dans des modèles évolutifs, intégrés à partir de la définition des flux de matière et d'énergie qui transitent dans la zone côtière. Les conséquences de l'expansion urbaine sur le promontoire, les dunes, la plage et le canal estuarien ont été caractérisées afin de définir des mesures adaptées de planification et de gestion. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563027">
                <text>Environmental impacts caused by the occupation of areas regulating the sand input to the coast line in the coastal plain of Caponga, Cascavel town, East Coast of Ceará. To determine the environmental impacts related to human occupation in areas characterized by the input of sediments (bypass) to the coastal line, through dunes and estuary, we carried out geoenvironmental studies in the coastal plain of Caponga. They included sections represented by a headland, coastal line and river mouth of the estuarine channel of Caponga. The results were represented in integrated evolutionary models based on the definition of flows of matter and energy that occur in the coastal area. The effects of urban expansion on the headland, dunes, shore and estuarine channel were characterized so as to define adequate measures of planning and management.  </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563028">
                <text>Para definir os impactos ambientais associados à ocupação humana em áreas caracterizadas pelo aporte de sedimentos (bypass) para a faixa de praia, via campo de dunas e estuário, foram realizados estudos geoambientais na planície costeira da Caponga, abrangendo setores representados por um promontório, faixa litorânea e desembocadura do canal estuarino de mesmo nome. Os resultados foram representados em modelos evolutivos, integrados a partir da definição dos fluxos de matéria e energia que transitam na zona costeira. As conseqüências da expansão urbana sobre o promontório, dunas, praia e canal estuarino foram caracterizadas de modo a definir medias adequadas de planejamento e gestão. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>http://confins.revues.org/2423</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563030">
                <text>doi:10.4000/confins.2423</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="563031">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="563032">
                <text>coast dynamics</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="563033">
                <text>coast erosion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563034">
                <text>coast management.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563035">
                <text>geomorphological evolution</text>
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                <text>Cascavel</text>
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                <text>Ceará</text>
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                <text>Rio Caponga</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="563039">
                <text>dynamique littorale</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="563040">
                <text>érosion côtière</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="563041">
                <text>évolution géomorphologique</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="563042">
                <text>gestion côtière.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="563043">
                <text>dinâmica litorânea</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563044">
                <text>erosão costeira</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="563045">
                <text>evolução geomorfológica</text>
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                <text>gestão costeira.</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="563047">
                <text>Impactos ambientais decorrentes da ocupação de áreas reguladoras do aporte de areia: a planície Costeira da Caponga, município de Cascavel, litoral leste cearense.</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Garoua</text>
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                <text>Cameroon</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="505440">
                <text>Temple, Ludovic</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="505441">
                <text>Nzossie, Eric Fofiri</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="505442">
                <text>Ndame, Jean Pierre</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="505443">
                <text>Ndjouenkeu, Robert</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505444">
                <text>2010</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>La croissance des populations urbaines dans la région soudano-sahélienne du Cameroun interroge sur les conditions dans lesquelles se réalisera la sécurité alimentaire dans les années à venir. Le Nord-Cameroun traverse en effet régulièrement des périodes d'insécurité alimentaire qui se traduisent par un appel aux importations ou une mobilisation de l'aide alimentaire mondiale. Or, l'inflation actuelle des prix internationaux des principales céréales importées (riz et maïs) interpelle sur la durabilité d'une stratégie de dépendance croissante à l'égard des marchés internationaux. Selon les économistes conventionnels, la croissance des marchés urbains est susceptible au-delà d'un taux de 50 % de population urbaine de créer les conditions favorables à l'innovation dans les systèmes de production. Elle devrait se traduire par une intensification technique conduisant à élever la productivité et permettre à la production de répondre aux sollicitations des marchés. Cette hypothèse générique reste peut contextualisée dans les zones de précarité des ressources naturelles dont fait partie le Nord-Cameroun et dans des conditions institutionnelles de désengagement de l'Etat de l'encadrement de la production agricole. L'objet de cette communication est de s'interroger sur la relation entre la croissance urbaine et la capacité des systèmes de production à y répondre dans le cas du Nord-Cameroun.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505446">
                <text>http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00472144</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="505447">
                <text>http://hal.cirad.fr/docs/00/47/21/44/PDF/098_temple.pdf</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505448">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505449">
                <text>Actes du colloque « Savanes africaines en développement : innover pour durer »</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="505450">
                <text>Savanes africaines en développement : innover pour durer</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505451">
                <text>[SDV:SA:AEP] Life Sciences/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="505452">
                <text>Impacts de la croissance urbaine sur l'innovation dans les filières vivrières du Nord Cameroun</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>conference proceeding</text>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Autres serveurs</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Crévilles</text>
                </elementText>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194869">
                <text>Guldmann, Jean-Michel. Advisor</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194870">
                <text>Woo, Myungje</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Numerous communities have adopted some form of urban containment policies (UCPs), such as greenbelt, urban growth boundaries (UGBs), and urban service areas (USAs), as methods to prevent urban sprawl and protect open space. Although there is controversy over the negative and positive impacts of UCPs, little is known on their impacts on population and employment growth, and on the overall urban spatial structure. The purpose of this research is to (1) understand the system of UCPs, (2) empirically analyze their impacts on population and employment growth, and built-up areas in combination with housing values, and (3) examine their impacts on the location of industrial activities as well as population. Two approaches are considered to empirically analyze the impacts of UCPs on urban growth and urban spatial structure. In the first approach, a simultaneous equation model is used with, as endogenous variables, the changes in total population, total employment and sectoral employment, housing values, and land area at the municipal/city level. In the second approach, population and employment density gradients, estimated with both monocentric and polycentric models at the metropolitan level, are used to examine the impacts of different UCPs on urban spatial structure. The research finds that both the stringent containment policies (SCPs), including greenbelts and UGBs, and the less stringent containment policies (LSCP), including USAs, have significant impacts on changes in population, employment, housing values, and land areas. When both direct and indirect effects are taken into account, the SCPs have a positive effect on changes in population, employment, housing values, and land area twice larger than the LSCPs, suggesting that SCPs more successfully accommodate new growth within the growth boundaries, and that housing values increase with the tightness of UCPs. In terms of the urban spatial structure, statewide SCPs encourage metropolitan areas to move to a polycentric development pattern, locally-enforced SCPs support a monocentric pattern, and USAs produce sprawled development patterns.</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1195263668</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/1093</text>
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                <text>en</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194877">
                <text>Ohio State University</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194878">
                <text>urban containment policies, greenbelts, urban growth boundaries, urban service areas, population and employment growth, urban spatial structure</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194879">
                <text>Impacts of urban containment policies on urban growth and structure</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644301">
                  <text>Développement durable et territoires</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text/>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644303">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
                </elementText>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="572455">
                <text>Manusset, Sandrine</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>2012-11-14</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="572457">
                <text>L’évolution écologisante de la réglementation en urbanisme depuis le début des années 2000 (SRU, AEU, Grenelle 1 et 2) a permis une (ré)introduction de la Nature dans les Villes et le développement de l’écologie urbaine. Est-ce que cela est suffisant pour construire des Cités Vertes ? À notre sens, la réponse est négative. Pour répondre à l’enjeu d’urbanisme durable, il convient d’intégrer au volet environnemental, un volet sociétal. Cet article propose un premier cadre de définition du volet sociétal de l’urbanisme de demain, vu par les habitants et les usagers des espaces urbains, en s’appuyant sur une première synthèse bibliographique exploratoire sur les « Bienfaits du végétal en ville », réalisée à l’attention de Plante et Cité en 2010. Ces premiers résultats s’appuient sur 30 références sélectionnées parmi un premier fond bibliographique constitué de 104 documents et travaux internationaux, en santé humaine, en écologie, en urbanisme, en sociologie et en psychologie, constitué par Plante et Cité. De cette vision globale des impacts environnementaux, économiques, sociologiques et culturels du végétal dans le tissu urbain, nous souhaitons présenter ici les impacts sociaux et psychologiques des espaces verts qui, à notre sens, sont les ressorts fondamentaux qui peuvent expliquer pourquoi les attentes de nature s’imposent aujourd’hui en partie prenante des attentes d’habitat et de logement, peut-être plus qu’hier avec la réduction continue des espaces naturels au profit de l’extension urbaine. Cette première étude amène deux conclusions. Comment continuer de concevoir des politiques territoriales dites de « développement durable » sans remettre au cœur de celles-ci l’Homme, les habitants et les usagers des territoires ? C’est un enjeu pour le législateur : répondre aux attentes sociétales de Nature des habitants, à l’évolution des modes d’habiter la Ville et la Campagne. La réglementation en urbanisme se doit d’acter la nécessité de construire un maillage d’espaces verts en terme d’usages qui consolide voire élargit l’emprise des trames verts et bleues. C’est un enjeu pour la recherche française qui doit apporter des données quantitatives et qualitative par des recherches interdisciplinaires entre santé publique et urbanisme par exemple : quel ratio espace vert/espace urbain pour quels usages et quels impacts ? </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="572458">
                <text>The green evolution of the regulation in town planning since the debut of the beginning of 2000 (SRU, AEU, Grenelle 1 and 2) allowed a (re)introduction of the Nature in Cities and development of the Urban ecology. Is it sufficient to build Green Cities? In our sense, the response is negative. To re-lay sustainable town planning, it is advisable to integrate in the environmental approach, the societal approach. This article proposes a first frame of definition of the societal approach of the town planning of tomorrow, seen by the inhabitants and the users of the urban spaces, by leaning on a first exploratory bibliographical synthesis on the "Positive impacts of the vegetal in town". We did it under the guidance of Plantes et Cités in 2010, with the aim of gathering present-day knowledge about the positive impact of vegetation in urban areas, on human health, well-being and social dynamics. We wish here to presenter the social and psychological impacts of the green spaces, put evidence within a global vision of the environmental impacts, economical, sociological and cultural of the vegetal in the urban space, stemming from the analysis of 30 references chosen among a first bibliographical bottom of 104 documents and international works, in ecology, town planning, sociology and psychology, constituted by Plantes et Cités. This exploratory study affable two conclusions. How continue to conceive territorial policies say of "sustainable development" without putting back at the heart of these the Man, the inhabitants and the users of territories? It is a stake for the legislator: re-lay in sociological and cultural expectations of Nature of the inhabitants, in evolution of the ways to live in the City and in the Countryside. The regulation in town planning points out the necessity to build a meshing of green spaces in term of uses and practices which strengthens even opens the influence of wefts greens and blue. It is a stake for the French research which has to bring quantitative and qualitative data by interdisciplinary researches between public health and town planning for example: what ratio spaces out urban green / space for which uses and practices and which impacts? </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://developpementdurable.revues.org/9389</text>
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                <text>doi:10.4000/developpementdurable.9389</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="572461">
                <text>fr</text>
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                  <text>revue publiée par Société française d'histoire urbaine</text>
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                <text>Dequidt, Marie-agnès</text>
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                <text>
  C'est en plein âge d'or de l'horlogerie parisienne, que le négociant Noël Héroy 
s'installe à Paris après avoir suivi la formation à ce métier du luxe qu'est l'horlogerie et s'être intégré dans un réseau parisien. La copie de plus de 400 de ses 
lettres nous fait entrer de plain-pied dans le quotidien d'un homme d'affaires 1778 
et 1781. 
S'adressant à la fois à des fournisseurs de Genève et du Comté de Neuchâtel et 
à des clients répartis dans 33 villes sur un bon tiers nord du territoire français, 
cette correspondance présente les différentes activités du négociant. Elle met en 
évidence le rôle majeur des transports comme l'importance du réseau d'intermé-diaires financiers de ville à ville sans oublier les difficultés rencontrées lors du 
contrôle des marchandises d'importation, des montres en or et argent.
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHU_023_0169</text>
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                <text>Histoire urbaine, n 23, 3, 2009-01-05, pp.169-184</text>
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                <text>Implantation, transport et finances </text>
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                  <text>Articulo - Journal of Urban Research</text>
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                  <text>Articulo – Journal of Urban Research est une publication en ligne à comité de lecture qui se consacre aux questions urbaines. Multidisciplinaire, la revue publie des contributions théoriques et empiriques portant sur les transformations sociales, environnementales et économiques des villes et des régions urbaines. Elle sert de forum international aux scientifiques et praticiens travaillant sur les problématiques urbaines dans le monde.</text>
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                <text>Heeg, Susanne</text>
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                <text>Bitterer, Nadine</text>
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                <text>In the aftermath of an increasing integration of property and financial markets, the real estate industry is subject to soaring internationalization processes. Since international institutional investors appeared, transnational real estate investments have increased tremendously. In recent years, Central and Eastern European countries have been becoming more attractive to institutional investors and are therefore being integrated into international market structures. Within these countries, Warsaw emerged as the most dynamic and important real estate market. But what are the mechanisms and practices through which the real estate market of Warsaw becomes international? Which networks, intermediaries and frames are necessary to constitute a mature real estate market? The article argues that international real estate consultants are playing a crucial role in the underlying internationalization process. They are acting at the interface between investors, developers, construction companies and tenants and are therefore becoming a crucial hinge between real estate actors. With the example of the Warsaw real estate market we argue that international real estate consultancies are key drivers of the transformation process from a local to a global market. They transfer global knowledge, competence and practices and implement transparent and professional structures in the emerging Warsaw real estate market. </text>
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                <text>en</text>
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                <text>calculation</text>
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                <text>Implementing transparency in an Eastern European office market: preparing Warsaw for global investments</text>
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                  <text>Espace populations sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text/>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571802">
                <text>Gerber, Philippe</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571803">
                <text>Carpentier, Samuel</text>
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                <text>Epstein, David</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571806">
                <text>Entre 2001 et 2007, près de 8000 personnes actives ont quitté le Luxembourg pour s’installer dans une des régions frontalières, tout en continuant à travailler au Grand-Duché. Pour la très grande majorité de ces personnes, ce déménagement transfrontalier implique un éloignement vis-à-vis du travail, pouvant ainsi être assimilé à une forme de périurbanisation transfrontalière. Malgré cet éloignement les individus déclarent une certaine satisfaction résidentielle ; toutefois au-delà de cette apparente adéquation, les analyses révèlent certains paradoxes. En termes de localisation tout d’abord, il apparaît que la plupart des répondants auraient souhaité rester au Grand-Duché, mais sont dans le même temps peu nombreux à vouloir y retourner. En termes de mobilité quotidienne ensuite, les résultats tendent à montrer que la satisfaction globale est peu affectée par l’insatisfaction liée aux déplacements domicile-travail. Par ailleurs, alors que les difficultés liées au déplacement domicile/travail sont souvent invoquées par les personnes souhaitant retourner au Luxembourg, ces problèmes de mobilité sont beaucoup moins cités par les personnes étant effectivement retournées vivre au Grand-Duché. Le rôle de la mobilité quotidienne dans ces stratégies résidentielles transfrontalières s’avère donc complexe. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571807">
                <text>Between 2001 and 2007, nearly 8,000 resi­dents of Luxembourg went to live in Bel­gium, Germany and France though they remained employed in Luxembourg. For the vast majority of these people, this cross-bor­der move implies a growth of commuting distance and can therefore be regarded as a particular form of cross-border suburbaniza­tion. Despite these growing distances, indi­viduals report some residential satisfaction. However, beyond this apparent satisfaction, the analyses reveal some paradoxes. In terms of location first, it appears that most respondents would have liked to stay in the Grand Duchy, but at the same time only few of them wish to move back to Luxembourg. Then, in terms of daily mobility, the results suggest that residential satisfaction is little affected by dissatisfaction with commuting. Moreover, while the difficulties of commu­ting are often invoked by those seeking to return to Luxembourg, the mobility pro­blems are much less mentioned by the people actually being returned to live in the Grand Duchy. The role of daily mobility in these cross-border residential strategies is therefore complex </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="571809">
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>cross-border mobility</text>
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                <text>journeys to work</text>
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                <text>residential choice</text>
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                <text>Implications de la mobilité quotidienne dans les stratégies résidentielles transfrontalières</text>
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                <text>Mingou, Christian Nala</text>
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                <text>Le système fiscal local direct français a connu, au cours de ces dernières années, des bouleversements notoires. La taxe professionnelle, qui autrefois constituait la principale source de revenus des communes, après avoir été plusieurs fois l'objet de réformes ou de tentatives de réformes, a été finalement supprimée et remplacée (Loi de Finances pour 2010) par de nouvelles impositions (CET, IFER...). Quant à la taxe d'habitation, elle a, depuis 2000, quasiment perdu de sa pertinence et sa crédibilité comme mode d'imposition à l'échelle locale. Aujourd'hui, l'intérêt pour les collectivités locales, en général, et les communes, en particulier semble, sans doute, se porter sur le foncier bâti, qui n'est rien d'autre que la troisième taxe qui complète le tableau des principaux impôts directs locaux français. La taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties, grâce aux nombreuses qualités (techniques, juridiques, urbanistiques, économico-spatiales) qu'elle présente en matière d'imposition locale, semble offrir plusieurs possibilités de développement aux communes. En effet, la taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties rentre dans la catégorie des impôts dits " fonciers " qui sont considérés, par plusieurs auteurs (universitaires, élus locaux, élus nationaux, organisations internationales telles que l'OCDE), comme de bons impôts, voire comme des impôts optimaux. Aussi, la taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties est un impôt qui peut bien prêter, surtout dans le long et le moyen terme, à des politiques de développement local, d'autant que ses bases, touchant à la fois les ménages et les entreprises, semblent être prêtes pour ces enjeux autour desquels se définissent aujourd'hui les stratégies (économiques et spatiales) de développement territorial : politique de logement (ZAC habitat), politique de développement économique (commerces, bureaux, services, activités industrielles ou entreposage, etc.), étalement urbain, densification urbaine</text>
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                <text>2011PEST1148</text>
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                <text>Engagé dans une exploration de l'« espace de la mémoire de la "Lorraine sidérurgique"», je m'intéresse ici aux formes « sensibles » de l'activité patrimoniale en situation de perte consistant en particulier dans une pratique photographique « amateur » remarquablement constante tout au long du processus de d'effacement de la sidérurgie. À partir de l'examen du parcours de ces amateurs attachés à fixer la perte, ainsi que d'un corpus d'ouvrages de témoignage photographique, soulignant la particularité de cette pratique au regard de la situation, je propose une réflexion sur l'acte photographique comme geste patrimonial élémentaire. « Image-acte », la photographie apparaît au croisement de la perte et de la dette et se déploie sous les signes conjoints de la trace et de la reconnaissance. Dans le cadre limité de cet article, il m'importe plus précisément de saisir sa signification politique dans l'espace de la mémoire de la « Lorraine sidérurgique », de manière à éprouver l'hypothèse que je formule de sa présence massive : celle d'un travail par défaut sur la trace de ce qui a été, sur l'empreinte de ce qui a marqué et qui « tient lieu d'absence ». La photographie vient suppléer, ou plutôt résister à l'inéluctable de la perte en produisant des traces sensibles du monde perdu : ainsi un geste esthétique lui redonne une visibilité, autrement dit vient lui restituer une « évidence », de sorte qu'il « (re)tombe sous le sens ».</text>
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                <text>Sensibiliser. La sociologie dans le vif du monde</text>
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                <text>Impressions patrimoniales. Topologie de la perte et photographie</text>
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                <text>Barns, Ian. Supervisor</text>
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                <text>The broad purpose of ‘In A City Like Delhi’ is to make an argument in favour of the positive link between spirituality and sustainability. Sustainability, at its core, requires an ethical commitment, and the thesis proposes that spirituality may be that vital means through which sustainability may be truly animated, in theory and in practice. The thesis is particularly preoccupied with considering the yet fully unrealised competence of spirituality to enrich the understanding and practise of sustainability in the urban space. To this end, it uses a very particular case study to make a modest exploration of such a conceptual association – the city of Delhi.

The concept of sustainability, as articulated in the West, is primarily a secular notion. While international religious and spiritual organisations have taken up the sustainability challenge, the reverse is less true – sustainability planning is rarely conducted in a dialogue with religious or spiritual institutions and resources. In this context the case study of an Indian megacity to examine the relationship between religion, spirituality, secularism and development, is particularly interesting. The thesis explores, as one example of the potential interface, how Hindu spirituality as interpreted by Mahatma Gandhi, may usefully inform a spiritual philosophy to enliven a sustainability consciousness in Delhi.

The theoretical speculations of the thesis are grounded in the local context by seeking the perspectives of twenty primary informants from Delhi who are all associated with various levels of planning and implementing development in the city. I specifically chose my interviewees from secular development backgrounds (rather than religious and spiritual representatives) because this would enrich critical understanding of how spirituality may be viewed within a secular sustainability discourse. I use their views on spirituality, sustainable development, and any affinities between the two notions to balance my own perspective, derived from both my research and my personal experience of the city of my birth. The interviews gave added depth to the environmental, economic and social challenges confronting the city of Delhi, which were already evident in the literature review. Additionally however, the interviews confirmed the hypothesis that sustainable development and spirituality together could have a productive, coherent and an even inseparable grounding union in Delhi and that spirituality may be vital in facilitating that essential shift in consciousness that a sustainable mindset requires. These findings are crucial to any study or strategy considering comprehensive sustainable development for Delhi.</text>
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                <text>http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/743</text>
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                <text>spirituality, religion, sustainable development, sustainable city, urban planning, urban environment</text>
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                <text>In a city like Delhi : Sustainability and spirituality</text>
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                <text>http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=ETHN_133_0559</text>
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                <text>Ethnologie française, , 3, 2013-06-19, pp.559-560</text>
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                <text>In memoriam. Colette Pétonnet, 1929-2012</text>
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                <text>, histoire urbaine, cité, genèse des villes, Bragg Melvyn, Hall Peter, Merritt Julia, Woolfis Greg</text>
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25 March 2010

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Melvyn Bragg, 
Peter Hall, 
Julia Merritt, 
Greg Woolfis</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the distributor : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Melvyn Bragg presents the first of a two-part discussion about the history of the city. With Peter Hall, Julia Merritt and Greg Woolf.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The story of cities is widely held to begin in the 8th millennium BC in Mesopotamia. By 4000 BC, there were cities in the Indus Valley, by 3000 BC in Egypt, and by 2000 BC in China. What happened in the west was the furthest ripple of that phenomenon.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1000 BC Athens still only had a population of one thousand. At its height, Athens' position as a powerful Mediterranean trading city allowed it to become the birthplace of much that would later characterise western cities, from politics through architecture to culture.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Then, early in the first millenium AD, the world saw its first million-strong city: Rome. Maintaining a population of this size required stupendous feats of organisation and ingenuity. But in following centuries, as Rome declined and fell, the city itself, in the west at least, declined too; power emanated from kings and their mobile courts, rather than particular settlements.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In China, urban trading posts continued to flourish, but their innovative energy dwindled before the end of the first millennium.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Between 1150 and the onset of the Black Death in 1350, the city underwent a resurgence in Europe. City-states developed in Italy and in Germany.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At this stage, there was no omnipotent power-centre to match Ancient Rome. But with the growth of sea and then ocean trade, and the centralisation of power in capitals ruling nation-states, cities like London, Paris, Madrid, Amsterdam and St Petersburg became increasingly wealthy, dynamic and ostentatious. By 1801, one of these - London - finally matched Ancient Rome's peak population of a million.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Along the way, the city had become an ideal to be revered and a spectre to be feared.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Melvyn Bragg &lt;/b&gt;is an author, broadcaster and media personality.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Peter Hall&lt;/b&gt; is Professor of Planning and Regeneration at The Bartlett School of Planning, University College London.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Julia Merritt&lt;/b&gt; is Associate Professor of History at the University of Nottingham.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Greg Woolfis&lt;/b&gt; is Professor of Ancient History at the University of St Andrews.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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Melvyn Bragg, 
Peter Hall, 
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Ricky Burdett</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the distributor : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Melvyn Bragg presents the second of a two part discussion about the history of the city.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Stephenson invented rail transport in the north-east of England in the 1820s, but it was not until over twenty years later that rail networks began to spring up to ferry workers in and out of the centre of British cities. When they did, this had a vast, transforming effect on the whole nature of cities - taking the pressure off dense, overcrowded central areas, but helping cities like London explode outwards.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victorian London was widely held at the time to be rather chaotic - especially in comparison with the grandiose, highly-orchestrated developments in continental European cities like Paris and Barcelona.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The process of transformation was given another fillip by the introduction of the motor car. In this, the final part of a two-part special edition of 'In Our Time' exploring the development of cities, we're going to examine how Stephenson's invention transformed cities almost beyond recognition, and follow the story up to the present day.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Melvyn Bragg&lt;/b&gt; is an author, broadcaster and media personality.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Peter Hall&lt;/b&gt; is Professor of Planning and Regeneration at The Bartlett School of Planning, University College London.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Tristram Hunt&lt;/b&gt; is lecturer in History at Queen Mary College at the University of London.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Ricky Burdett&lt;/b&gt; is Professor of Urban Studies at the London School of Economics.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                  <text>Métropoles se veut le carrefour des travaux scientifiques issus de la plupart des disciplines en sciences sociales qui s’intéressent au fait urbain et métropolitain. Cette revue thématique souhaite présenter à la communauté académique internationale les travaux les plus significatifs et originaux issus soit des disciplines s’intéressant traditionnellement à la ville comme la géographie, la sociologie, la science politique ou l’économie, soit des disciplines qui interrogent le fait urbain depuis moins longtemps comme l’histoire  et le droit. Elle accueille les travaux produits au croisement des disciplines comme ceux de l’urbanisme, de l’aménagement ou du « planning ». Elle publie des articles en français et en anglais.</text>
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                <text>Cet article démontre que le contrôle public de la voirie est à l'origine de la planification urbaine moderne à Lisbonne. L'intensification de l’usage des rues au cours du XIXe siècle a généré un interventionnisme public accru, qui est à l'origine de la constitution de l'aménagement urbain aussi bien comme pratique que comme corpus théorique. Se trouvant au carrefour des principales problématiques de la ville du XIXe siècle (assainissement, circulation, embellissement), la planification urbaine a revêtu un caractère stratégique primordial. L'élaboration de la première loi portugaise traitant de planification urbaine (1864) et du premier plan d'aménagement (1881) est la conséquence de ce besoin de la puissance publique d'exercer son monopole sur l'usage de la voirie. Toutefois, les considérations financières, politiques et techniques ont restreint le champ des programmes d'aménagement et d'embellissement de la capitale portugaise. Cet article analyse le compromis trouvé entre les forces de modernisation et les limites avérées des possibilités d’aménagement urbain à Lisbonne </text>
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                <text>This article demonstrates how public control over the street was at the origin of modern urban planning in Lisbon. The increased pressure over the street in the nineteenth-century city demanded increased public intervention, which was at the roots of urban planning as practice and as a body of theory. The strategic character assumed by urban planning derived from the fact that it was at the crossroads of the most important problems that nineteenth-century cities experienced: sanitation, circulation, and beautification. The preparation of the first Portuguese law on urban planning (1864) and the first improvement plan (1881) resulted from this need to exercise public monopoly over the use of the city streets. However, the financial, political, and technical conditions defined the scope of possibilities for the programme of improvement and beautification of the Portuguese capital. This article analyses the compromises between the forces driving modernisation and the limits of the possibilities. </text>
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                <text>In search of the urban variable : Understanding the roots of urban planning in Portugal</text>
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Luc&amp;nbsp;Boegly
, 
, 
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23&amp;nbsp;mai&amp;nbsp;2008



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Le&amp;nbsp;bord&amp;nbsp;de&amp;nbsp;l&amp;#39;eau 



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12
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&lt;strong&gt;
Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;diteur :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hors du champ de l&amp;#39;actualit&amp;eacute;, l&amp;#39;enjeu du travail du photographe est de porter un regard bienveillant sur un territoire bien plus habitu&amp;eacute; &amp;agrave; &amp;ecirc;tre photographi&amp;eacute; lorsqu&amp;#39;il d&amp;eacute;fraie la chronique, qu&amp;#39;en temps ordinaire. Rien n&amp;#39;est plus d&amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;t&amp;egrave;re que cet acharnement des images sur les cit&amp;eacute;s, cette tendance sourde de conforter nos pr&amp;eacute;jug&amp;eacute;s sur des espaces qui nous &amp;eacute;chappent. Si nous n&amp;#39;y prenions pas garde la r&amp;eacute;alit&amp;eacute; pourrait y devenir plus dramatique que ce que nous en propose l&amp;#39;iconographie t&amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;visuelle. Eviter le ghetto, c&amp;#39;est aussi provoquer de l&amp;#39;empathie pour ces lieux de vie, territoire quotidien de tant d&amp;#39;habitants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Douze photos de la ville de Lormont en banlieue bordelaise... qui d&amp;eacute;passent le cadre lormontais et donne &amp;agrave; voir &amp;quot;des quartiers de banlieue&amp;quot; cens&amp;eacute;s &amp;ecirc;tre &amp;quot;d&amp;eacute;shumanis&amp;eacute;s&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Avec en guise de pr&amp;eacute;face des &amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;ments sociologiques sur la ville.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Un travail totalement original... qui cherche &amp;agrave; donner de la banlieue une autre image. Travail d&amp;#39;artiste qui sera d&amp;eacute;clin&amp;eacute; en d&amp;#39;autres lieux. Projet &amp;agrave; venir : la ville de Sedan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Luc Boegly&lt;/strong&gt; est photographe professionnel. Il a expos&amp;eacute; &amp;agrave; de nombreuses reprises. Il est aujourd&amp;#39;hui consid&amp;eacute;r&amp;eacute; comme un des sp&amp;eacute;cialistes de la photo d&amp;#39;architecture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>Dans les interstices de la ville : les Albanaises à Athènes.

Au lendemain de 1989, les pays sud-européens, Grèce incluse, auparavant lieux d'émigration, sont devenus la destination privilégiée d'importants flux migratoires. Actuellement de nombreux rapports et études soulignent la présence nombreuse des femmes dans ces mouvements migratoires - ce qui remet en question le stéréotype du migrant homme, jeune et célibataire. La prise de conscience de la présence de femmes migrantes, différemment représentées dans les diverses communautés, a ouvert de nouvelles pistes de recherche féministe - avec l'apparition de nouvelles tensions dans les débats féministes, particulièrement au sud de l' Europe où l' expérience des sociétés multiculturelles est très récente. C'est également le cas dans les études de géographie urbaine auxquelles cet article cherche à contribuer, à partir d' une recherche en cours à Athènes. Athènes, comme toutes les villes de Grèce, a connu un développement dans lequel ce que l'on appelle "secteur informel" joue un rôle clé : tant en ce qui concerne la production de l' espace que le marché du travail et le fonctionnement des institutions. Ceci a légitimé, entre autres, l'engagement limité et parfois controversé de l' Etat dans un certain nombre de domaines d' intervention, incluant la qualité de vie, le logement et l'aménagement - ce qui limite le contrôle direct de l'État dans la vie quotidienne. Le fonctionnement du "secteur informel" a entraîné des problèmes urbains pour lesquels Athènes est réputée, mais a laissé des failles ayant permis l'apparition et le développement de mécanismes d'intégration sociale. De telles failles ont permis aux migrantes (et aux migrants) de trouver travail et logement et de s' établir dans leur lieu de destination. Cet article se base sur le posulat que les migrantes ne sont pas des agents passifs, qu'au contraire elles développent des stratégies de survie et cherchent activement à déterminer les conditions de leur installation dans leur nouvel environnement. Cet article soutient que leur présence dans les quartiers centraux d'Athènes a contribué à la revitalisation du centre-ville, en introduisant de nouveaux usages des services, infrastructures et espaces publics. À travers les interviews des Albanaises à Athènes, l'article examine trois niveaux spatiaux : le voisinage, la ville et la trajectoire, et cherche à établir des liens entre genre et expériences de/dans l'espace.</text>
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                <text>In the aftermath of 1989, Southern European countries including Greece, former places of out-migration, have become the destination of massive waves of migrants. By now numerous estimates, reports and studies point to the high presence of women in these migratory movements - which challenges established stereotyped images of the migrant as a young male single person. The "discovery" of women migrants, with different presence in various migrant communities, has opened new areas of feminist research - and new tensions in feminist debates, particularly in Southern Europe where the experience of multicultural societies is very new. This is the case in urban geography/studies, to which this paper seeks to contribute, based on on-going research in Athens. 
Athens, like all Greek cities, has a development history in which what has been called "the informal" plays a key role: in the production of space, in the labour market, in the functioning of institutions. This has legitimated, among other things, the limited and sometimes controversial involvement of the state in several potential fields of intervention, including welfare, housing and planning, thus reducing direct state control on everyday life. The workings of the informal have contributed to urban problems for which Athens is notorious, but have left "gaps" where mechanisms of social integration could and have developed. Such gaps have made it possible, until recently, for women (and men) migrants to find a job and home, to establish themselves in their place of destination. Based on the premise that women migrants are not passive agents, but that they develop strategies of survival and actively seek to determine the terms of their settlement in the new environment, the paper argues that their numerous presence in many central neighbourhoods of Athens has contributed to the revitalisation of the inner city, by introducing new uses of its facilities, services, infrastructures and public spaces. Through interviews with Albanian women in Athens, the paper looks into three spatial levels, neighbourhood, city, trajectory, and seeks to understand the links between gender and experiences of/in space.</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; Before skyscrapers and streetlights glowed at all hours, American cities fell into inky blackness with each setting of the sun. But over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, new technologies began to light up streets, sidewalks, buildings, and public spaces. Peter C. Baldwin&amp;rsquo;s evocative book depicts the changing experience of the urban night over this period, visiting a host of actors&amp;mdash;scavengers, newsboys, and mashers alike&amp;mdash;in the nocturnal city.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Baldwin examines work, crime, transportation, and leisure as he moves through the gaslight era, exploring the spread of modern police forces and the emergence of late-night entertainment, to the era of electricity, when social campaigns sought to remove women and children from public areas at night. While many people celebrated the transition from darkness to light as the arrival of twenty-four hours of daytime, Baldwin shows that certain social patterns remained, including the danger of street crime and the skewed gender profile of night work. Sweeping us from concert halls and brothels to streetcars and industrial forges, In the Watches of the Night is an illuminating study of a vital era in American urban history.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Peter C. Baldwin &lt;/b&gt;is Associate Professor in the Department of History at the University of Connecticut.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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