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                <text>We develop here a theory of the organization of cities and systems of cities as multilevel networks, including two main observable levels, where specific emergent properties can be observed. We use an evolutionary perspective, which is based on observations about the way cities co-evolve within urban systems, through a variety of social interactions. Empirical evidence of the corresponding patterns and processes is provided for three main styles of urbanization, exemplified in four different parts of the world.</text>
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                <text>Complexity perspective in innovation and social change</text>
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                <text>The organisation of urban systems</text>
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                <text>L'accroissement de la vitesse des déplacements depuis la Révolution des transports au 19ème siècle entraîne une restructuration des territoires, visible tant à l'échelon de la ville elle-même (processus de dilatation du territoire et recomposition de l'espace urbain en fonction du budget-temps des navetteurs) qu'à celui du système des villes (processus de contraction différentielle de l'espace et sélection géographique des lieux par court-circuitage). L'articulation de ces processus de dilatation et de contraction entraîne un véritable télescopage des échelles.</text>
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                <text>Les villes dans l'espace-temps : vitesse des communications et structuration des territoires à l'échelle intra et interurbaine</text>
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                <text>The question of complexity and its increasing application to social sciences is challenging the modelling of spatial systems. New concepts and new methods have been proposed and invite to reformulate classical modelling frames. This approach is demanding to open a better informed dialogue between the disciplines which supply models and tools and those where the existing knowledge is reformulated inside this new frame. Actually, creating an « artificial geography » is not straightforward. It is rather easy to translate urban theories within the paradigm of complex systems, but their modelling, for instance by using multi-agents systems, still raises many conceptual and practical difficulties. We underline here some problems in defining significant urban entities and exploring the evolution of their spatial relationships over time. We briefly present which options have been selected for developing the SIMPOP2 model which is conceived for simulating the evolution of systems of cities over long periods of time.</text>
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                <text>CyberGeo: European Journal of Geography</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>complexity</text>
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                <text>From theory to modelling : urban systems as complex systems</text>
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                <text>Les systèmes des villes observables aujourd'hui dans le monde se sont formés dans des contextes historiques extrêmement variés : certains ont moins de deux siècles (Etats-Unis, Australie, Afrique du Sud), d'autres plongent leurs racines dans l'Antiquité (pays d'Europe, Asie, Afrique), même s'ils ont parfois été profondément remodelés par l'occupation coloniale (Afrique Noire, Inde). Pourtant, au delà de cette diversité initiale, force est de constater que les systèmes une fois formés présentent des propriétés extrêmement stables : les villes, par les relations qu'elles tissent entre elles, souvent matérialisées par des réseaux d'échanges techniques, « font système » et leurs évolutions sont interdépendantes. Ces propriétés communes, qui s'expriment dans la manière dont elles remplissent l'espace et s'ajustent les unes aux autres sur le plan hiérarchique et fonctionnel, s'expliquent par certains facteurs opérant à des échelles de temps différentes : formation des territoires, transition urbaine, convergence espace-temps, cycles d'innovation.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00150065</text>
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                <text>Données urbaines</text>
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                <text>Les formes des systèmes de villes dans le monde</text>
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                <text>The aim of the study is to elaborate a model in the framework of self-organisation theory which would describe how interactions between individual towns and cities can produce macro-geographical structures and dynamics at the scale of a continental urban system. Simulations have been made using a statistical model of urban growth in a system of cities (the Gibrat’s model).Results however show systematic discrepancies with observations. Coming back to empirical features of urban dynamics on a very long term and for a very large set of towns and cities (Europe, 1600-2000) brings new hypothesis which will be introduced in further formulations of the model.</text>
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                <text>L´objectif de l´étude est de construire un modèle, dans l´esprit de la théorie de l´auto-organisation, qui décrirait la manière dont les interactions entre les villes peuvent produire des structures macro-géographiques et des dynamiques à l´échelle du système urbain européen. Des simulations ont été réalisées à l´aide d´un modèle statistique de croissance urbaine dans un système de villes (le modèle de Gibrat). Les résultats montrent cependant des écarts systématiques par rapport aux observations. Des analyses empiriques plus approfondies de la dynamique urbaine dans la longue durée et pour un très large ensemble de villes (Europe 1600-2000) apportent de nouvelles hypothèses qui pourront être réintroduites dans des versions ultérieures du modèle.</text>
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                <text>http://cybergeo.revues.org/566</text>
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                <text>Space-time Contraction and the Dynamics of Urban Systems</text>
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                <text>An attempt is made to identify the dynamics of urban systems during the historical process of their evolution. An illustration is made with the case of European cities between 1200 and 1990, using harmonised historical data bases. Simple maps show first a general expansion in cities number and size over time, reflecting the ability of the system to continuously adapt its structure over time. A second trend is an increased hierarchisation in city size, which may be related to the continuous improvement in the speed and capacity of transportation means. Because of this space-time contraction, large cities short-circuit small towns, and inequalities in city size are widening. A third trend leading to a spatial reorganisation, emerges from maps of the urban population potentials. Among all possible mathematical equations and parameters values which could describe the intensity and the spatial range of interactions between cities, we choose those which give rather stable results and which are compatible with the analysis of urban historians, as De Vries, Braudel, Bairoch, Hohenberg and Lees, for the centuries preceding industrial revolution, by using evaluations of distances in terms of time and cost. Urban systems dynamics is better approached with reference to this relative space than on usual topographic maps.</text>
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                <text>Rozenblat, Céline</text>
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                <text>http://cybergeo.revues.org/373</text>
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                <text>Breteau, Vincent</text>
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                <text>Leurent, Fabien</text>
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                <text>Our objective in this paper is twofold: first, we want to give a theoretical founding to empirical findings of several works that emphasize the fact that while distance traveled increases with household location distance from the city center, transportation time tends to decrease, thus offering a strong incentive to sprawl. Second, we want to analyze the impact of job dispersal on city size, overall distance traveled and transportation cost, along with other urban variables, and spatial equity. We therefore develop an extended monocentric model of city taking into account employment dispersal and varying unit commuting costs. Using this model, we show that under specific conditions including employment dispersal and high marginal transportation cost around city center, the distance traveled by households from home to workplace increases with their distance from the city center, while private transportation costs they endure decrease. Then, based on a surplus analysis, we show that city size moderately increases with the level of employment dispersal, while overall home-to-work distance traveled decreases, suggesting that job decentralization might entail savings in social costs of transportation. However, our findings show that such dispersal could entail spatial inequity: the households living near the city center could suffer a welfare loss.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economies and finances</text>
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                <text>Residential location</text>
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                <text>Job decentralization</text>
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                <text>Commuting</text>
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                <text>Job decentralization and transportation use in a monocentric city</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="192407">
                <text> Nakhla, Michel. Directeur de thèse </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Si le partenariat public-privé (PPP) a suscité de nombreux espoirs dans les années 1990 pour étendre la desserte en eau dans les grandes villes des PED, son développement est aujourd'hui limité en raison des risques importants qu'il fait assumer aux opérateurs privés.  L'objectif de ce travail de recherche en gestion est de proposer une vision renouvelée du PPP pour la gestion des services d'eau dans les PED, accordant une place centrale à la desserte des populations pauvres. A partir d'un cadre d'analyse théorique de la gouvernance des services qui met l'accent sur le couplage entre les dimensions contractuelles, institutionnelles et participatives de la gouvernance, nous examinons deux cas de terrain (Manaus au Brésil et La Paz en Bolivie), dans lesquels se joue une nouvelle dynamique des PPP, marquée par l'influence croissante de la participation des usagers, qui vient modifier à la fois les aspects contractuels et institutionnels de la gouvernance.</text>
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                <text>http://pastel.paristech.org/979/</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/320</text>
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                <text>gouvernance, régulation, participation, pays en développement, service d'eau, partenariat public-privé</text>
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                <text>Renouveler le partenariat public-privé pour les services d'eau dans les pays en développement : comment conjuguer les dimensions contractuelles, institutionnelles et participatives de la gouvernance ?</text>
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                  <text>Articulo – Journal of Urban Research est une publication en ligne à comité de lecture qui se consacre aux questions urbaines. Multidisciplinaire, la revue publie des contributions théoriques et empiriques portant sur les transformations sociales, environnementales et économiques des villes et des régions urbaines. Elle sert de forum international aux scientifiques et praticiens travaillant sur les problématiques urbaines dans le monde.</text>
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                <text>À partir d’une lecture critique des travaux d’Alan Walks et d’une enquête de terrain exploratoire menée dans une municipalité du milieu périurbain montréalais, l’objectif de cet article est de démontrer que les frontières municipales sont des marqueurs idéologiques forts, susceptibles d’expliquer les valeurs différentes que l’on associe aux quartiers centraux et aux quartiers suburbains. À ce titre, l’analyse des politiques publiques adoptées par les municipalités de banlieue est un moyen de saisir l’importance de la frontière municipale et des valeurs qu’elle recouvre. </text>
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                <text>This paper builds on a critical reading of the work of Alan Walks as well as on exploratory fieldwork conducted in a Montreal suburban municipality. It aims at showing that municipal boundaries constitute strong ideological markers, which may account for the differing values associated with central and suburban neighbourhoods. In this respect, analyzing public policies adopted by suburban municipalities allows seizing the importance of municipal boundaries and the values they convey. </text>
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                <text>habitat</text>
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                <text>lifestyle</text>
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                <text>Modes de vie et politiques municipales : regards sur le milieu périurbain montréalais</text>
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  Cet article étudie la question des mobilités à Marne-la-Vallée en proposant d'observer la manière dont cette question est abordée au sein du Schéma directeur de 1965, en s'attachant tout particulièrement à l'organisation des mobilités liées au travail, et en effectuant une évaluation de ces objectifs sur la base des données fournies par le recensement général de la population de 1999.
  Les résultats montrent que, conformément aux orientations du Schéma directeur, Marne-la-Vallée ne fonctionne pas sur le mode autarcique. Les mobilités domicile-travail des actifs habitant cette ville nouvelle s'effectuent à l'échelle de Marne-la-Vallée, et encore plus de l'Est parisien. Ces mobilités ne se caractérisent pas par un usage exclusif de l'automobile : les actifs utilisent majoritairement les transports en commun en direction de Paris, et l'accès aux centres urbains de la ville nouvelle ne témoigne pas d'un usage intensif de l'automobile.
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés,  119, 1, 2005-03-01, pp.135-157</text>
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                <text> Master Plan</text>
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                <text>Pratiques de mobilité et aménagement urbain : les déplacements domicile-travail des actifs habitant à Marne-la-Vallée</text>
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                  <text>Revue électronique diffusant des travaux de recherche dans le domaine des ambiances architecturales et urbaines. Issue du Réseau International Ambiances, la revue porte le projet d’éclairer sous un jour nouveau les manières d’habiter et de concevoir le monde contemporain. Elle privilégie des approches expérimentales et participatives dans une démarche transversale associant sociologie, anthropologie, esthétique et écologie autour des problématiques liées à l'architecture urbaine et à ses mutations.</text>
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                <text>L’observation du travail d’intervention d’urgence sociale auprès des populations sans-abri les plus défaites permet d’ouvrir des perspectives de recherche sur la réticence à adhérer à la relation d’aide et de soin. Un ensemble de pratiques professionnelles se mettent en jeu pour mobiliser un espace sensoriel, permettre l’expérience du contact relationnel, engager enfin une atmosphère institutionnelle qui déploie son propre espace de rationalité sans toutefois pouvoir s’extraire de ce que lui impose l’ambiance urbaine.</text>
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                <text>Examining social emergency response work among the most careworn homeless population opens new avenues of research relative to the reluctance to accept aid and care relationships. A set of professional practices is involved in creating a sensory space, allowing for the experience of personal contact, and finally establishing institutional ambiance that creates its own space of rationality without necessarily being able to remove itself from that which is imposed by the urban environment.</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; Constructing Community examines community from the particular perspective of the shaping and control of urban space in contemporary liberal democracies. Following a consideration and critique of influential theories of community that have arisen within European philosophy over the last three decades, Brian Elliott investigates parallel approaches to community within urban theory and practice over the same period. Underlying the comparison of political theory and urban practice is a basic assumption that community and place are intimately connected such that the one cannot be adequately understood without the other. The underlying intention of this book is to advocate a particular understanding of community, one that centers on collective, grassroots oppositional action. While it draws on certain current theories and practices, the model of community put forward is far from the orthodox position. This study is a provocative and original analysis of the question of urban politics in contemporary liberal democracies. It offers a strong case for reconsidering current debates on democratic politics in light of the connection between political power and the control of public space and the built environment.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Brian Elliott&lt;/b&gt; teaches in the philosophy department at Oregon State University and is author of Walter Benjamin for Architects.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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The reconstruction of Berlin, after the massive destruction it suffered in World War II, was complicated in two fundamental ways. First was the question of historical continuity. On the one hand, there was a desire to reconstruct: to repair a damaged but extant city or, more broadly, to continue its best traditions in architectural style, social policy, and economic development. On the other hand, everyone in charge was determined to break demonstratively with the immediate past, that is, with the Third Reich; but they did not agree about which cultural, architectural, or urbanistic traditions were the Nazi ones. The second complication arose from the fact that the city was soon divided between two ideologically opposed regimes in east and west, each determined to claim the legacy of pre-Nazi Berlin, to display the clearer break with Hitler, and to prove its cultural and political superiority. Under these complicated circumstances, the rebuilding of Berlin became one of the most visible venues of the early Cold War, even as it remained a matter of basic comfort and prosperity for ordinary Berliners.   &#13;
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                <text>L'évolution des villes et la politique urbaine en Grande-Bretagne. 

Les grandes villes britanniques ont connu un déclin important en termes de population, d'emplois et de revenus depuis les années cinquante. Face à cette évolution, l'article cherche à répondre à trois questions. 
Ce processus de déclin urbain est-il naturel dans le cadre de l'économie de marché, ou est-ce-que les politiques urbaines y ont joué un rôle - que celui-ci soit conscient ou non ? Les secteurs publics et privés sont-ils capables de transformer cette évolution, plus particulièrement dans le domaine du marché du logement, étant donné le contexte de crise économique ? Ces différentes stratégies urbaines ont-elles renforcé les disparités sociales et spatiales dans les grandes villes ? Pour répondre à la dernière question, des données détaillées des recensements de 1971 et 1981 pour le Grand Manchester sont analysées.</text>
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                <text>Les marchés alimentaires urbains sont une source de débouchés pour l'agriculture africaine. Une agriculture qui doit faire preuve d'inventivité, si elle ne veut pas abandonner ces marchés à des importations alimentaires très concurrentielles. Le développement de cultures vivrières commerciales est la preuve d'une réactivité déjà bien réelle.</text>
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                <text>Les recherches menées depuis une vingtaine d'années sur l'alimentation des villes et dont un aperçu des résultats est fourni dans ce numéro thématique, balancent entre deux pôles : les raisons de craindre les conséquences de l'urbanisation sur l'agriculture et celles d'espérer. Alors que la ville faisait peur aux ruralistes, son rôle d'entraînement sur l'agriculture est largement reconnu aujourd'hui. L'agriculture vivrière a globalement réussi le difficile pari de nourrir des villes en croissance très rapide dans les pays du Sud ; un défi relevé par une agriculture paysanne et un secteur agroalimentaire largement artisanal. Ce secteur du commerce et de la transformation considéré comme informel s'avère en fait assez organisé pour faire face aux incertitudes. L'une des grandes nouveautés de la recherche sur l'alimentation des villes depuis les années 1980 est la reconnaissance du rôle de la qualité dans le fonctionnement du secteur agroalimentaire. Ces travaux conduisent à reconnaître le caractère multifonctionnel de l'alimentation et notamment l'importance des facteurs culturels dans les comportements alimentaires des consommateurs urbains. Si la plupart des travaux présentés dans ce numéro insistent sur le dynamisme des acteurs du Sud, sur leurs capacités d'organisation et d'innovation, tempérant les discours souvent pessimistes sur ces pays, ils ne nient pas les nouvelles difficultés auxquelles ils sont confrontés. L'urbanisation de la pauvreté monétaire, la transition nutritionnelle, les risques de marginalisation des petits producteurs liés au développement de normes de qualité et au rôle croissant de la grande distribution constituent de nouvelles inquiétudes. En contrepoint, la recherche par les consommateurs de produits de terroir ou le développement de l'agriculture intra- et périurbaine, apparaissent comme des alternatives, comme des moyens de retrouver une proximité dans les rapports à l'alimentation.</text>
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                <text>Cahiers Agricultures</text>
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                <text>ISSN:1166-7699</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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                <text>Alimentation</text>
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                <text>urbanisation</text>
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                <text>L'alimentation des villes du Sud : les raisons de craindre et d'espérer</text>
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                  <text>Autres serveurs</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Bulkeley, Harriet. Supervisor</text>
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                <text>MacLeod, Gordon. Supervisor</text>
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                <text>Bridges, James Ian</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="195158">
                <text>This thesis examines the extent and the nature of city-to-city co-operation (CTCC) for sustainable development among UK local authorities. Policy-makers and analysts believe that various forms of local authority co-operation, here termed CTCC, will enable local authorities to effectively deliver local sustainable development objectives. To date, little attention has been given as to why and how such governing processes take place or to the realities of their outcomes. The thesis informs academic debates on governance. It argues that the 'hollowing out' (Rhodes, 1997, p. 138) and changing role of the state (MacLeod and Goodwin, 1999) have allowed for the emergence and diffusion of self-organizational networks. This shift in the nature of governance has created the political opportunity for CTCC. The thesis draws on the policy networks (Marsh and Rhodes, 1992) and governance networks (Marcussen and Torfing, 2003) literature to consider how key characteristics in governing through networks - resources, fact-to-face interaction, and inter-personal relationships and trust - are relevant to CTCC. In turn, the thesis argues that hierarchy and meta-governance, often neglected in discussions of self-organising networks, have important roles in shaping governing processes. The thesis has developed a three-fold typology for understanding the nature and implications of CTCC. &#13;
&#13;
Three main methods were employed in the research: the use of an empirical survey to 100 local authorities within the UK; semi-structured interviews, and documents analysis within the context of four UK-based local authority case studies. Two of the case studies examined the policy area of climate change adaptation; and the other two explored community planning. The findings suggest that CTCC is widespread transnationally and domestically. Links between local authority institutions can be virtual - e.g. browsing of websites, on-line policy documents, e-mails, telephoning - which is generally excluded from the governance literature, but is becoming increasingly important for policy learning as practitioners see this to be cost and time effective. Interestingly, central government considers face-to-face engagement and identified `best practice' through mandatory benchmarking practices between local authorities as key to learning. The implications for the quality of learning through virtual and physical interaction are discussed. The research is an ESRC collaborative (CASE) project with the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF). </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1943/</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="195160">
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          <element elementId="49">
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="195164">
                <text>city-to-city co-operation, local authorities, urban policy, sustainable development, governance</text>
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                <text>City-to-city co-operation and the realisation of urban sustainability</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Salem, Gérard (ed.)</text>
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                <text>Jeannée, Emile (ed.)</text>
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                <text>SENEGAL</text>
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                <text>1989</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:27930</text>
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                <text>Fontaine O., Beau Jean-Pierre, Briend André. Un centre expérimental de réhydratation et de réhabilitation nutritionnelle. In : Salem Gérard (ed.), Jeannée Emile (ed.).  Urbanisation et santé dans le Tiers Monde : transition épidémiologique, changement social et soins de santé primaires. Paris : ORSTOM, 1989, p. 455-461. (Colloques et Séminaires). Séminaire International de Pikine, Pikine (SEN), 1986/12/02-06</text>
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                <text>Urbanisation et santé dans le Tiers Monde : transition épidémiologique, changement social et soins de santé primaires</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644246">
                  <text>PERSEE</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="382454">
                <text>9-10</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="382455">
                <text>Brigitte Dumortier</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="382456">
                <text>1997</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="382457">
                <text>Dumortier Brigitte. Les populations de l'Orient. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1997-1. Les populations du monde arabe - People of the Arab Middle East. pp. 9-10.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="382458">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_1997_num_15_1_1784</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="382459">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="382460">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Les populations de l'Orient</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="382462">
                <text>edito</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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