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Naoki Yoshihara

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Trans Pacific Press

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Fluidity of Place presents an interdisciplinary conversation with theories of space-time, place and globalization at the cutting edge of social theory. Focussing on the construction of urban space in the context of hyper-mobility, Yoshihara examines the social relations that form place in a globalized world. The first half of the book discusses globalization theory and looks at place in relation to the fluidity brought about by recent technological advances. The second half details the construction of understandings of Asian mega-cities, particularly Jakarta, and examines the realities behind narratives of overurbanization in light of globalization and the concomitant fluidity of place. Yoshihara makes a compelling argument about the competing claims to place in a world where the nation-state has lost control of its borders.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Naoki Yoshihara &lt;/b&gt;is a Professor of Sociology in the Graduate School of Arts and Letters at Tohoku University, Japan.&lt;/div&gt;
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Janvier-mars 2009

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M&amp;eacute;tropolis - Flux

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sommaire du num&amp;eacute;ro 75 de la revue &lt;a target="_blank" href="http://olegk.free.fr/flux/homefl1.html"&gt;Flux&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; : Varia 2009&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Marianne Ollivier-Trigalo&lt;br /&gt;
Avant-propos &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
Jonathan Rutherford : Le d&amp;eacute;ploiement des r&amp;eacute;seaux de t&amp;eacute;l&amp;eacute;communications dans les m&amp;eacute;tropoles europ&amp;eacute;ennes : l'emprise des territorialit&amp;eacute;s multiscalaires&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tracey Crosbie : The Utilities in Transition : Gazing through the IT window&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;Eacute;ric Verdeil, C&amp;eacute;cile F&amp;eacute;r&amp;eacute;, Franck Scherrer : De la r&amp;eacute;troaction entre diff&amp;eacute;renciation territoriale et mod&amp;egrave;le universel des services urbains en r&amp;eacute;seau : les enseignements du cas libanais&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
Miguel Padeiro : Prolongements du m&amp;eacute;tropolitain et occupation du sol en banlieue parisienne&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
Maur&amp;iacute;cio Oliveira de Andrade, Maria Leonor Alves Maia : The Recife Metro &amp;amp;endash ; the Impact on Urban Development after 20 years&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
H&amp;eacute;l&amp;egrave;ne Nessi, Aur&amp;eacute;lien Delpirou : Les politiques de &amp;quot;d&amp;eacute;veloppement urbain durable&amp;quot; face aux h&amp;eacute;ritages territoriaux. Regards romains sur la coordination transport/urbanisme&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
Rubriques&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
Entretien&lt;br /&gt;
Propos &amp;eacute;dit&amp;eacute;s par &amp;Eacute;ric Charmes et Jean-Michel L&amp;eacute;ger.&lt;br /&gt;
Retour sur &amp;quot;La Ville &amp;eacute;mergente&amp;quot; avec Yves Chalas, Jean-Samuel Bordreuil et Fran&amp;ccedil;ois Ascher&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
Portrait d'entreprise&lt;br /&gt;
Christophe Defeuilley : Le gaz naturel en Europe. Entre lib&amp;eacute;ralisation des march&amp;eacute;s et g&amp;eacute;opolitique&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
Le sens de l'&amp;eacute;v&amp;eacute;nement&lt;br /&gt;
Lucia Giuliani : Urgence d&amp;eacute;chets &amp;agrave; Naples&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
Histoire de courbe&lt;br /&gt;
Benjamin Thierry : Une histoire de la strat&amp;eacute;gie de reconnaissance scientifique &amp;agrave; l'Inria :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; l'ergonomie de l'informatique et ses chercheurs (1969-1990)&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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  Depuis une double décennie, une nouvelle cartographie des échanges économiques en Asie orientale se dessine avec l'émergence de nouveaux pôles d'expertise. Cette situation n'est pas sans conséquences sur l'évolution et le rapprochement des formes bâties des villes de cette région, notamment dans le secteur de l'immobilier résidentiel. Singapour joue un rôle remarquable dans ce processus et constitue un des ?pilotes? d'une ?modernité urbaine trans-asiatique?. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, une double enquête est effectuée visant à comprendre d'abord comment Singapour a acquis et mis en application un savoir-faire sur son propre territoire et, comment, à partir des années 1990, elle a élaboré une stratégie d'exportation de ce savoir-faire. L'activité en Chine de Keppel Land, une importante firme singapourienne dans le domaine de l'immobilier, constituera un cas d'étude pour illustrer les modalités de transfert d'expertises à l'échelle régionale.
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                <text>Interest in cities is growing again in Europe. Theories of "growth poles" forgotten since the 1960s re-emerge, although in different form, without the idea of building new cities in the desert. Metropolitanisation, although sometimes difficult to grasp empirically, is recognized as a post-fordist phenomena, with a gain of the importance of large cities, linked to the increasing need for size-based agglomeration effect in the global, networked knowledge economy. And European policy makers are once again discussing the need of and the form for new urban policies at European (as witnessed by the above quote), but also at national scale. From the outset, this project has had two, complementary, but not always easily reconcilable orientations: provide a broad overview of the current and future issues relevant to urban development in all of Europe, advance scientifically beyond the established and well-known data and analyses, provide innovative research. As this report was elaborated in parallel to the new State of European Cities report to be published by DG Regio, we also aimed at complementarity with that report, not wanting to repeat the same analyses based on the same data. In this project, we, therefore, worked in three parallel strands. First, all teams went through the current literature to extract the knowledge about trends, perspectives and, most importantly, driving forces for urban development in their thematic fields. Second, each of the teams focused on one or two innovative empirical research questions, generally tapping new data sources. Finally, our scenario team has taken the work of the other teams, and substantially augmented it through additional literature review, aiming at covering an even larger horizon and to provide a complete knowledge base on urban development, necessary for integrated prospective thinking. On this basis the scenarios were developed. The structure of the report reflects these three strands, adding a fourth, new strand, which consists in an assessment of the current national policy visions on urban issues across Europe. Details of all the literature reviews and analyses are presented in the scientific report.</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>FOCI Future Orientation for Cities</text>
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  À partir des résultats d'une enquête ethnographique (1989-1996), cet article analyse les pratiques ritualisées mises en ?uvre à l'occasion de la fermeture d'un établissement de music-hall à Paris, les Folies-Bergère, qui présentait des revues, et la création d'un nouveau spectacle, lors de sa réouverture temporaire. Les enjeux symboliques et sociaux des diverses transgressions, reproductions et innovations de ces deux représentations spécifiques (la dernière et la nouvelle revue) sont interprétés en fonction des mécanismes employés : inversion, intrusion, emprunts, et de leurs significations dans le contexte artistique et économique du moment. On constate que les faits observés apparaissent davantage comme le passage d'un statut à un autre pour l'établissement, et comme la fin d'une « maison » pour les employés, que comme la véritable disparition d'un genre sur la scène parisienne.
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                <text>Ethnologie française, , 4, 2005-12-01, pp.617-626</text>
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  Le Proche-Orient voit la naissance du village puis de la ville; cependant, une 
présence urbaine ne suppose pas forcément l'existence d'un acte fondateur. 
Celui-ci peut être défini comme la mise en ?uvre d'une décision émanant d'une 
autorité. Comment déceler et interpréter les traces de cette prise de décision ? En 
l'absence parfois de sources écrites, l'archéologie permet-elle d'apporter une 
réponse ? Pourquoi ces fondations? Dans quelles conditions matérielles surgis-sent-elles ? Quels rites se rattachent à leur édification et à celle des bâtiments qui 
les composent? Peut-on, à partir de ces villes, dresser une esquisse de l'idéal 
urbanistique de la Mésopotamie ? Ces villes ont-elles été promises à un brillant 
avenir ?
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                <text>Food and public space in a global city</text>
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21 May 2011

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Rosie Parks, 
Carolyn Steel, 
Paul Smyth, 
Martin Caraher, 
Ben Reynolds</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the distributor : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
The colloquium will be focused on one particular city &amp;ndash; London &amp;ndash; and will bring together the themes of food growing, &amp;lsquo;public&amp;rsquo; space and the city to explore  thought-provoking questions around food equity, access to public and semi-private space, and the ability of different socio-economic groups to establish their own interests in city planning and construction processes that have consequences for private and community-based food production and distribution (e.g. the provision and retention of community food growing spaces, the creation of productive and educative school grounds, the provision of housing with growing and food preparation spaces).  The issue of food, food production and public spaces in cities is currently high on the political agenda. While urban agriculture has a long history, contemporary concerns over the environmental impacts of &amp;lsquo;food miles&amp;rsquo; and our industrialised countryside, food security issues, together with growing recognition of the health, social and community benefits of gardening, are driving the issue of local urban food production up the political agenda. With waiting lists for allotments in Camden, for example, currently stretching to an estimated 40 years, and with the nation&amp;rsquo;s front gardens disappearing under tarmac car parking, attention is turning to the food growing potential of a multitude of overlooked and undervalued city sites.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sessions :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Rosie Parks - Introduction&lt;/div&gt;
Carolyn Steel - Citopia : Thinking through food&lt;/div&gt;
Paul Smyth - An urban farming experiment&lt;/div&gt;
Martin Caraher - Food and urban space&lt;/div&gt;
Ben Reynolds - Sustainable food matters&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>Footprint : Mapping urban complexity in an Asian context</text>
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                <text>, cartographie, réseaux, déplacements, logement, développement urbain, paysage urbain, analyse spatiale, China, Chine, Japan, Japon, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Inde, Asia, Asie, Bracken Gregory, Sohn Heidi</text>
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Spring 2008

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Delft School of Design 

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119</text>
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                <text>&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
The second issue of Footprint aims at reuniting two themes which are receiving a great deal of attention in recent times: Asia&amp;rsquo;s extraordinary urban growth, and the problematique of mapping highly complex urban environments. The 21st century, forecasted by many as the &amp;lsquo;Pacific Century&amp;rsquo;, brings to the fore the region's economic, social, political and cultural changes, wide-ranging in their manifestation and far-reaching in their consequence. All of these factors are inscribed in the urban environment. In a region where a population of one million constitutes a small settlement and mega-cities such as Tokyo and Shanghai have come to dominate the global network, sheer size is itself an important issue and not just in practical terms. Then there is the apparent chaos that is actually a delicately balanced autopoeisis in cities such as Mumbai, as well as the interesting and potentially useful city-state model of Hong Kong. These conditions and rising phenomena bring important questions on the potentials and relevance of mapping to the fore.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The nine contributors to this issue take these questions as their point of departure, and set out to explore some of the region&amp;rsquo;s most important or complex cities. Urban China is covered by Ruan&amp;rsquo;s interesting overview of this country&amp;rsquo;s frenzied economic boom, which he claims is ephemeral; Visser&amp;rsquo;s attempt to map Beijing &amp;ndash;&amp;lsquo; the ungovernable city&amp;rsquo; - poses timely critical questions; Qiang&amp;rsquo;s analysis of the evolution of Beijing&amp;rsquo;s movement network and the effects it has on urban function; Arkaraprasertkul&amp;rsquo;s investigation of Shanghai&amp;rsquo;s Pudong, as well as its older lilong; Karandinou &amp;amp; Koutsoumpos&amp;rsquo; thought-provoking and beautifully rendered mapping project of Shanghai&amp;rsquo;s &amp;lsquo;other&amp;rsquo; river, the Suzhou; Bhatia&amp;rsquo;s examination of Shanghai&amp;rsquo;s transforming housing typologies; Solomon&amp;rsquo;s investigation of the development of Hong Kong, particularly Victoria Harbour. Moving further east, Tokyo&amp;rsquo;s complexity is explored in Lucas&amp;rsquo;s short paper with a series of architectural drawings and movement notations exposing the act of inscription as a method of urban enquiry. And finally, Shannon&amp;rsquo;s informative and thorough mapping exercise of cities and landscapes in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Contents : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Gregory Bracken and Heidi Sohn, - Mapping Urban Complexity in an Asian Context&lt;br /&gt;
Xing Ruan - Ephemeral China/Handmade China&lt;br /&gt;
Robin Visser - Diagnosing Beijing 2020: Mapping the Ungovernable City&lt;br /&gt;
Qiang Sheng - Spatial &amp;lsquo;Complexity&amp;rsquo;: Analysis of the Evolution of Beijing&amp;rsquo;s Movement Network and its Effects on Urban Functions&lt;br /&gt;
Non Arkaraprasertkul - Politicisation and the Rhetoric of Shanghai Urbanism&lt;br /&gt;
Anastasia Karandinou and Leonidas Koutsoumpos - Performing Mimetic Mapping: A Non-Visualisable Map of the Suzhou River Area of Shanghai&lt;br /&gt;
Neeraj Bhatia - The Rise of the Private: Shanghai&amp;rsquo;s Transforming Housing Typologies&lt;br /&gt;
Jonathan D. Solomon - Caves of Steel: Mapping Hong Kong in the 21st Century&lt;br /&gt;
Raymond Lucas - Getting Lost in Tokyo&lt;br /&gt;
Kelly Shannon - The &amp;lsquo;Agency of Mapping&amp;rsquo; in South Asia: Galle-Matara (Sri Lanka), Mumbai (India) and Khulna (Bangladesh)&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Gregory Bracken&lt;/b&gt; is a Research Fellow at the International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS).&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Heidi Sohn&lt;/b&gt; is Assistant Professor in Architecture Theory at the Delft School of Design.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>, forme urbaine, métropole, morphologie urbaine, aménagement urbain, infrastructures, transport, ville nouvelle, périphéries, Piranesi Giovanni Battista, Solà-Morales Ignasi, Claessens François, Moudon Anne Vernez</text>
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Autumn 2009

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Delft School of Design

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                <text>&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publishers : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
The fifth issue of Footprint investigates the question of metropolitan form. The necessity to focus on the scale of metropolitan areas is manifest as this is the dominant scale of contemporary global life. The process of urbanisation and the size of urban agglomerations have dramatically increased since the last decades. These dynamics alone demand radically changed thinking about internal spatial organisation and the form of urban regions. Yet, scholarly focus at the regional level has shifted away from spatial thinking of overall form towards issues of governance, socio-economic statistics, and global networks. While these approaches provide insight into contemporary conditions, lost in translation is the question of metropolitan form: what are the characteristics of its spatio-physical structures? What are its distinguishable elements? And what are the factors that determine the transformation of form through time? By addressing the question of metropolitan form we try to extrapolate - scale-up - the research notions and methods of &amp;lsquo;urban morphology&amp;rsquo; from the &amp;lsquo;urban&amp;rsquo; to the &amp;lsquo;regional&amp;rsquo; scale.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Contents : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
David Prosperi, Anne Vernez Moudon, and Fran&amp;ccedil;ois Claessens - The Question of Metropolitan Form: Introduction&lt;br /&gt;
Stephen Read - Another Form: From the &amp;lsquo;Informational&amp;rsquo; to the &amp;lsquo;Infrastructural&amp;rsquo; City&lt;br /&gt;
Olgu &amp;Ccedil;ali&amp;#351;kan - Changing Perspectives on the Planning of Ankara (1924-2007) and Lessons for a New Master-Planning Approach to Developing Cities&lt;br /&gt;
Ren&amp;eacute; van der Velde and Saskia de Wit - The Landscape Form of the Metropolis&lt;br /&gt;
Qiang Sheng and Linfei Han - Movement Technologies, Scale Structure and Metropolitan Life &amp;ndash; an Empirical Research on the Effects of the Transportation System on the Metropolitan Process in Beijing&lt;br /&gt;
Jing Zhou and Lei Qu - Peripheral Cluster versus New Town: A Comparative Study on Two Types of Peripheral Developments in the Beijing Metropolitan Region&lt;br /&gt;
Arie Romein, Otto Verkoren and Ana Mar&amp;iacute;a Fernandez-Maldonado - Polycentric Metropolitan Form: Application of a &amp;lsquo;Northern&amp;rsquo; Concept in Latin America&lt;br /&gt;
Teresa Stoppani - The Vague, the Viral, the Parasitic: Piranesi&amp;rsquo;s Metropolis&lt;br /&gt;
Gon&amp;ccedil;alo Furtado  - Interpreting the Contemporary Metropolis: Notes on the Urban Debate and on Ignasi Sol&amp;agrave;-Morales&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Fran&amp;ccedil;ois Claessens&lt;/b&gt; is member of the editorial board of Footprint.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Anne Vernez Moudon&lt;/b&gt; is Professor of Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban Design and Planning; Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology and Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Washington, Seattle.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>Several researches that we have conducted in our laboratory (CRESSON) have aimed at understanding the ambient milieu (among which sonic and optic environment) through one's experience. These works encourage us to consider an "ecological approach to architecture" which takes into account the human, &lt;br /&gt;sensitive and social, experience in situ. It gives importance to the potentials of perception and action that an environment can afford to users. But it also questions the aesthetic criterias and the embodiement of ́ references a that guide architectural thinking. The purpose of this paper is to show and discuss results of researches that lead us to question how "ambience" could be a reasoning vector when conceiving architectural and urban projects and how &lt;br /&gt;ambient references are build up and integrated in an architectural culture. The approach we use is indeed inspired and awakened by several researches in different domains such as that of perception or of sociological and architectural research. We briefly explain these references and their respective importance for an ecological approach. Then, we present two sorts of work according to their respective aims and a few examples of interesting results belonging to the fields of sonic environments and optic structures which could make reference. It will particularly concern spaces that create transition between different conxtets. They are important in &lt;br /&gt;current life and as units of structuration in architectural composition. &lt;br /&gt;Finally, we show the potential of development and we will draw conclusions.</text>
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                <text>First International Workshop on Architectural and Urban Ambient Environment February, 6-7-8, 2002. Nantes, France</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>For an ecological approach to architecture</text>
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                <text>For the ciy as a whole: Planning, politics, and the public interest in Dallas, Texas, 1900-1965</text>
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                <text>, aménagement urbain, gouvernance, collectivités locales, gestion locale, politique de la ville, politique urbaine, Dallas, twentieth century, vingtième siècle, histoire urbaine, Fairbanks Robert B., économie</text>
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Robert B. Fairbanks

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1998

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The Ohio State University Press

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318</text>
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                <text>&lt;b&gt;Extract from the Introduction:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
I am interested in &amp;quot;using&amp;quot; Dallas to understand better the changing nature of politics and planning in urban America during the twentieth century. Dallas is hardly typical of all cities, but it is closely tied to dominant business leadership and the &amp;quot;good government&amp;quot; and planning movements characteristic of that era. Southern and western cities often enthusiastically and selectively embraced aspects of both these movements as strategies to help them develop still faster. Dallas also participated in the larger public discourse about cities characteristic of the time...&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
This book stems from my interest in understanding how changing conceptions of the city - what it was or could be - related to different urban policies and programs over time. Although the literature of urban history has expanded at an impressive rate in recent decades, much of it has centered on issues of race, class, and gender in explaining the development of the city. Historians also pay special attention to the role of social forces in shaping urban development, as well as their influences on the thoughts and actions of the historical actors. These are all valuable contributions, but such efforts have largely discouraged scholars from investigating the city from a more humanistic appraoch, emphasizing not social forces but uman perception. Studies examining the development of urban policy have stressed the importance of real events in shaping responses and have neglected to investigate the relationship between the perception of reality that city builders brought to the city and its problems and the actual response to those urban problems. Little effort has been made to examine the writings of city builders or the structure of their organizations in order to understand their basic assumptions about the nature of the city...&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;For the City as a Whole&lt;/i&gt;, then, is an attempt to understand the actions of urban problem solvers by linking their definition of and responses to those problems to their perception of what the city was or could become.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Contents:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Introduction&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
I. The first City-as-a-Whole strategy: Dallas at the turn of the century&lt;/div&gt;
1. Managing the city&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
II. Dallas during the second City-as-a-Whole era&lt;/div&gt;
2. Rethinking planning and governing in the 1920s&lt;/div&gt;
3. The CCA in control: The Edy years, 1931-1935&lt;/div&gt;
4. The defeat of the CCA and the victory of council-manager government&lt;/div&gt;
5. Dallas business leadership, planning, and World War II&lt;/div&gt;
6. Responding to urban problems: Limitations of the City-as-a-Whole strategy&lt;/div&gt;
7. Politics, leadership, and the public interest in an era of rapid growth, 1945-1955&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
III. The new provincialism: From city as system to city as setting&lt;/div&gt;
8. The decline of the City-as-a-Whole strategy&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Epilogue&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Robert B. Fairbanks &lt;/b&gt;is a Professor and Chairperson in the Department of History at The University of Texas Arlington.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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