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                <text>London</text>
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                <text>Bonnel, Patrick</text>
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                <text>2003</text>
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                <text>In spite of the fact that disaggregate modelling has undergone considerable development in the last twenty years, many studies are still based on aggregate modelling. In France, for example, aggregate models are still in much more common use than disaggregate models, even for modal split. The estimation of aggregate models is still therefore an important issue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In France, for most studies it is possible to use behavioural data from household surveys, which are conducted every ten years in most French conurbations. These household surveys provide data on the socioeconomic characteristics both of individuals and the households to which they belong and data on modal choice for all the trips made the day before the survey. The sampling rate is generally of 1% of the population, which gives about 50,000 trips for a conurbation of 1 million inhabitants. However, matrices that contain several hundred rows and columns are frequently used. We therefore have to construct several modal matrices that contain more than 10,000 cells (in the case of a small matrix with only 100 rows) with less than 50,000 trips (to take the above example). Obviously, the matrices will contain a large number of empty cells and the precision of almost all the cells will be very low. It is consequently not possible to estimate the model at this level of zoning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The solution which is generally chosen is to aggregate zones. This must comply with two contradictory objectives:&lt;br /&gt;- the number of zones must be as small as possible in order to increase the number of surveyed trips that can be used during estimation and hence the accuracy of the O-D matrices for trips conducted on each mode;&lt;br /&gt;- the zones must be as small as possible in order to produce accurate data for the explanatory variables such as the generalized cost for each of the transport modes considered. When the size of the zone increases, it is more difficult to evaluate the access and regress time for public transport and there are several alternative routes with different travel times between each origin zone and each destination. Therefore more uncertainty is associated with the generalized cost that represents the quality of service available between the two zones. The generally adopted solution is to produce a weighted average of all the generalized costs computed from the most disaggregated matrix. However, there is no guarantee that this weighted mean will be accurate for the origin-destination pair in question.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the best compromise has been made, some of the matrix cells are generally empty or suffer from an insufficient level of precision. To deal with this problem we generally keep only the cells for which the data is sufficiently precise by selecting those cells in which the number of surveyed trips exceeds a certain threshold. However, this process involves rejecting part of the data which cannot be used for estimation purposes. When a fairly large number of zones is used, the origin destination pairs which are selected for the estimation of the model mainly involve trips that are performed in the centre of the conurbation or radial trips between the centre and the suburbs. These origin-destination pairs are also those for which public transport's share is generally the highest. The result is to reduce the variance of the data and therefore the quality of the estimation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To cope with this problem we propose a different aggregation process which makes it possible to retain all the trips and use a more disaggregate zoning system. The principle of the method is very simple. We shall apply the method to the model most commonly used for modal split, which is the logit model. When there are only two modes of transport, the share of each mode is obtained directly from the difference in the utility between the two modes with the logit function. We can therefore aggregate the origin-destination pairs for which the difference between the utility of the two modes is very small in order to obtain enough surveyed trips to ensure sufficient data accuracy. This process is justified by the fact that generally the data used to calculate the utility of each mode is as accurate or even more accurate at a more disaggregate level of zoning. The problem with this method is that the utility function coefficients have to be estimated at the same time as the logit model. An iterative process is therefore necessary. The steps of the method are summarised below:&lt;br /&gt;- selection of initialization values for the utility function coefficients for the two transport modes in order to intitialize the iteration process. These values can, for example, be obtained from a previous study or calibration performed according to the classical method described in Section 1.2;&lt;br /&gt;- the utility for each mode is computed on the basis of the above coefficients, followed by the difference in the utility for each O-D pair in the smallest scale zoning system for which explanatory variables with an adequate level of accuracy are available (therefore with very limited zonal aggregation or even none at all);&lt;br /&gt;- the O-D pairs are classified on the basis of increasing utility difference;&lt;br /&gt;- the O-D pairs are then aggregated. This is done on the basis of closeness of utility difference. The method involves taking the O-D link with the smallest utility difference then combining it with the next O-D pair (in order of increasing utility difference). This process is continued until the number of surveyed trips in the grouping is greater than a threshold value that is decided on the basis of the level of accuracy that is required for trip flow estimation. When this threshold is reached the construction of the second grouping is commenced, and so on and so forth until each O-D pair has been assigned to a group;&lt;br /&gt;- for each new class of O-D pairs it is necessary to compute the values of the explanatory variables which make up the utility functions for each class. This value is obtained on the basis of the weighted average of the values for each O-D pair in the class;&lt;br /&gt;- a new estimation of the utility function coefficients.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This process is repeated until the values of the utility function coefficients converge. We have tested this method for the Lyon conurbation with data from the most recent household travel survey conducted in 1995/96. We have conducted a variety of tests in order to identify the best application of the method and to test the stability of the results. It would seem that this method always produces better results than the more traditional method that involves zoning aggregation. The paper presents both the methodology and the results obtained from different aggregation methods. In particular, we analyse how the choice of zoning system affects the results of the estimation.</text>
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                <text>AET. European Transport Conference 2003 – ETC 2003, 8 - 10 october 2003, Strasbourg</text>
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                <text>AET. European Transport Conference 2003 – ETC 2003, 8 - 10 october 2003, Strasbourg</text>
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                <text>AET. European Transport Conference 2003 – ETC 2003, 8 - 10 october 2003, Strasbourg</text>
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                <text>Estimation of aggregated modal split mode</text>
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                <text>Galvani, Emerson</text>
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                <text>Ce travail présente les résultats de l'application de la méthode de Gaussen (Bagnouls, Gaussen, 1962) et du Bilan Hydrique Climatologique (Thornthwaite, Mather, 1955) appliqué à des localités du Brésil (São Paulo et Piracicaba) et à Paris. Les données travaillées sont les moyennes normales des attributs du climat (température et précipitations). Les résultats montrent que la méthode de Gaussen répond mieux pour la classification des périodes de l'année aux précipitations plus élevées que pour celles de basse pluviométrie ou à proximité de la limite numérique de la classification proposée par les auteurs. </text>
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                <text>This article presents the results of the Gaussen methodology (Bagnouls, Gaussen, 1962) and the Climatologic Water Balance (Thornthwaite, Mather, 1955) applied to localities of Brazil (São Paulo and Piracicaba) and Paris. The date used are the normal average data on attributes of climate (temperature and precipitation). The results show that the Gaussen methodology responds better to classify periods of the year with higher rainfall than those of lower rainfall, or those which are close to the numerical limit of the classification proposed by the authors. </text>
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                <text>Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados da aplicação da metodologia de Gaussen (Bagnouls, Gaussen, 1962) e do Balanço Hídrico Climatológico (Thornthwaite, Mather, 1955) aplicados à localidades do Brasil (São Paulo e Piracicaba, SP) e Paris. São trabalhados os dados médios normais dos atributos do clima (temperatura e precipitação). Os resultados mostram que a metodologia de Gaussen responde melhor na classificação de períodos do ano de pluviometria mais elevada que aqueles de pluviometria mais reduzidos ou próximos do limite numérico da classificação proposta pelos autores. </text>
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                <text>Climatologic Water Balance</text>
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                <text>Estudo comparativo dos elementos do Balanço Hídrico Climatológico para duas cidades do Estado de São Paulo e para Paris</text>
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                <text>Et demain ?</text>
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                <text>prospective, Ile-de-France, urbanisme, aménagement</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l'&amp;eacute;diteur :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; En donnant une large place &amp;agrave; l'image, ce num&amp;eacute;ro exceptionnel des Cahiers a pour ambition d'imaginer, au-del&amp;agrave; des pr&amp;eacute;visions, ce que sera la ville de demain. Quelles sont les visions possibles ?&lt;br /&gt; Le concept repose sur une approche simple : nous avons pos&amp;eacute; 50 questions &amp;agrave; des sp&amp;eacute;cialistes, des artistes, des experts. Ils nous livrent leurs r&amp;eacute;ponses dans un format court et tr&amp;egrave;s illustr&amp;eacute;.&lt;br /&gt; Inviter nos lecteurs &amp;agrave; interroger le demi-si&amp;egrave;cle &amp;agrave; venir et &amp;agrave; s&amp;rsquo;y impliquer&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; On peut trouver dans ce num&amp;eacute;ro plusieurs entretiens et articles exclusifs :&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &amp;bull; une longue interview du dessinateur Jean Giraud alias Moebius ;&lt;br /&gt; &amp;bull; des articles r&amp;eacute;dig&amp;eacute;s par des sp&amp;eacute;cialistes : Dominique Wolton (CNRS) pour la communication, Thierry Paquot (philosophe, &amp;eacute;diteur), Maurice Godelier (figure majeure de l'anthropologie en France), Paul Landauer (architecte et urbaniste), Philippe Panerai (architecte et urbaniste), Augustin Berque (g&amp;eacute;ographe &amp;agrave; l'EHESS), Jean-Pierre Balpe (po&amp;egrave;te et directeur de d&amp;eacute;partement &amp;agrave; Paris VIII), Christian Lef&amp;egrave;vre (politologue au LATTS), Arjan Snellenberg (designer urbain), Fran&amp;ccedil;ois Bellanger (prospectiviste)...&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Cette &amp;eacute;dition des Cahiers intervient alors que l&amp;rsquo;IAU &amp;icirc;le-de-France f&amp;ecirc;te ses 50 ans.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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Cab&amp;eacute;dita

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Ce livre &amp;eacute;voque cette histoire d&amp;rsquo;amour exceptionnelle entre le gaz et les Parisiens, de Philippe Lebon en 1801 &amp;agrave; la nationalisation en 1945, &amp;agrave; travers une riche collection de photographies anciennes.&lt;/div&gt;
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Si la premi&amp;egrave;re usine &amp;agrave; lumi&amp;egrave;res s&amp;rsquo;implanta &amp;agrave; Paris sous Louis XVIII, les premi&amp;egrave;res r&amp;eacute;alisations &amp;quot;grand public&amp;quot; en mati&amp;egrave;re d&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;clairage eurent lieu &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;Op&amp;eacute;ra et place du Carrousel. Sous l&amp;rsquo;impulsion du baron Haussmann, le r&amp;eacute;seau de distribution se d&amp;eacute;veloppe rapidement et le gaz monte les &amp;eacute;tages.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Le soir de l&amp;rsquo;inauguration de l&amp;rsquo;Exposition universelle de 1889, 22 000 becs de gaz illuminent la Tour Eiffel : Paris s&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;veille.&lt;br /&gt;
Aujourd&amp;rsquo;hui, o&amp;ugrave; l&amp;rsquo;on prend enfin conscience de la valeur de notre patrimoine industriel pass&amp;eacute;, la m&amp;eacute;moire commune passionne. La technique, l&amp;rsquo;adaptation du personnel et l&amp;rsquo;esprit gazier modifient la vie parisienne depuis plus de deux cents ans. Les exp&amp;eacute;riences r&amp;eacute;ussies d&amp;rsquo;hier contribuent, &amp;agrave; leur mani&amp;egrave;re, &amp;agrave; assurer le succ&amp;egrave;s des nouveaux d&amp;eacute;fis d&amp;rsquo;aujourd&amp;rsquo;hui.&amp;#65279;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Michel Durand&lt;/b&gt;, par son parcours professionnel atypique &amp;agrave; travers les Unit&amp;eacute;s gazi&amp;egrave;res de Paris-Ile-de- France, du district &amp;agrave; la direction ex&amp;eacute;cutive, a &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; un acteur, parmi tant d&amp;rsquo;autres, de l&amp;rsquo;aventure du gaz dans la capitale.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>L'observation sensible et continue du changement d'un lieu est un mode de connaissance sous-estimé ou refoulé en géographie. A condition de la travailler, cette sensibilité aux lieux dans le temps et dans l'espace pourrait même être heuristique. La place de la Bastille est un terrain de choix pour conduire cette expérience. Que le lecteur en juge. Et pourquoi ne pas s'engager alors dans une géographie culturelle des Places ?  </text>
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                <text> And who will take over the « Bastille » ?  The sensible and regular observation of changes in places is an under-estimated and inhibited mode of knowledge in geographical research. Providing to go deeper into the question, the sensibility to places along times and spaces could be even considered as an heuristic approach. In this prospect, the study of the « Bastille square » constitutes a selected field-test. And why not, further on, consider a cultural geography of squares ?  </text>
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                <text>Et qui reprendra la Bastille ?</text>
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                <text>Et si on refaisait l'histoire de Nantes / Saint-Nazaire ?</text>
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                <text>Nantes, Saint-Nazaire, histoire, histoire urbaine, patrimoine, identité, Bretagne, Loire, port</text>
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Janvier-f&amp;eacute;vrier 2010

</text>
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Place Publique

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Au sommaire :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;Eacute;dito : Le nez de Cl&amp;eacute;opatre&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;LE DOSSIER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Et si on refaisait l&amp;rsquo;histoire de Nantes / Saint-Nazaire&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Jean-Christophe Cassard, &lt;i&gt;Les Vikings ont invent&amp;eacute; le commerce triangulaire &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Gwena&amp;euml;l Guillaume, &lt;i&gt;1572, les Nantais c&amp;egrave;dent au vertige du massacre&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Philippe Hamon, &lt;i&gt;Nantes, capitale de la r&amp;eacute;gion Bretagne-et-Loire&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Alain Croix, &lt;i&gt;Nantes a pr&amp;eacute;f&amp;eacute;r&amp;eacute; la Chine aux Antilles&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Yannick Guin, &lt;i&gt;1793, Nantes tombe aux mains des Vend&amp;eacute;ens&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
Andr&amp;eacute; P&amp;eacute;ron, &lt;i&gt;Et Paimb&amp;oelig;uf l&amp;rsquo;emporta sur Saint-Nazaire&amp;hellip;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Didier Guyvarc&amp;rsquo;h, &lt;i&gt;Nantes devient le port de la Suisse &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Daniel Morvan, &lt;i&gt;Mais non, Jacques Vach&amp;eacute; n&amp;rsquo;est pas mort&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Jean-Pierre Peyon, &lt;i&gt;Nantes est toujours la Venise de l&amp;rsquo;Ouest&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PATRIMOINE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Patrice Allain, Jo&amp;euml;l Barreau, Jean-Louis Liters, Gabriel Parnet, &lt;i&gt;Nantes et le surr&amp;eacute;alisme : un r&amp;ecirc;ve bien &amp;eacute;veill&amp;eacute;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Yoann Barbereau, &lt;i&gt;En route mauvaise troupe : le surr&amp;eacute;alisme est mort&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Alain Croix, &lt;i&gt;L&amp;rsquo;Erdre vivante : un nouveau mus&amp;eacute;e &amp;agrave; Carquefou&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Christine Lemaire, &lt;i&gt;Chambre sur mur. Depardon &amp;agrave; La Baule&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Un mus&amp;eacute;e un objet&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Cyrille Sciama Alex Chantron : &lt;i&gt;Les Feuilles mortes du Symbolisme&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;La lettre G&lt;/b&gt; comme Gabare, Go&amp;ucirc;t (Temple du), Grandjouan (Jules), Gris, Guillaume (&amp;Eacute;mile)&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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                <text>65-76</text>
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                <text>Isabelle Maret</text>
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                <text>Urban Sprawl: What are the Trends in Rural US ?.

The U.S. population is sprawling on the American land ; the use of the term sprawl today is commonplace when speaking about disorganized settlement with moderate densities. It is accused to consume excessive open and agricultural space and leads to the increase of economical, social, and environmental costs. The ability to cure the pricey consequences of sprawl in the U.S. suppose the understanding of the multiple faces it can encompass in different context. Sprawl is linked to the high dependency of the American society on cars. It expresses the evolution of the American culture and life style. The State of Kentucky offers the case study of spreading population patterns in a rural context.</text>
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                <text>À l'instar du peuplement américain, l'étalement spatial de la population du Kentucky avance inexorablement; l'utilisation du terme "sprawl" est devenue commune pour évoquer les aires immenses, victimes de cette urbanisation lâche et inorganisée qui caractérise le peuplement américain en 2000. Alors que les terres vierges et agricoles sont, à grande vitesse, converties en territoires urbains, la prise de conscience des coûts associés, sociaux, économiques et environnementaux s'accroît. Cerner pour gérer le mécanisme de "l' urban sprawl" spécifique au contexte de chaque État nécessite la prise en compte de facteurs et de paramètres variés dont les combinaisons montrent finalement une diversité peu souvent perçue. L'étalement urbain est nourri par la dépendance de la population américaine à l'automobile. Il exprime l'évolution de la culture et du mode de vie des Américains. Le Kentucky nous présente le cas d'un État à dominante rurale : 4 aires métropolitaines, de nombreuses petites villes et de vastes campagnes. Les modalités spécifiques d'étalement et d'évolution des populations dans ce contexte sont observées.</text>
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                <text>Maret Isabelle. Étalement urbain : et l'Amérique profonde ?. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2003-1. Diversité des populations d'Amérique du Nord. pp. 65-76.</text>
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                <text>US ; GIS ; Sprawl ; Population ; Kentucky</text>
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                <text>Kentucky ; États-Unis ; SIG ; Sprawl ; Population ; Étalement</text>
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                <text>La base de données de l'INSEE : "Estimations carroyées de la population", est utilisée pour évaluer une distance pondérée entre population et grandes surfaces alimentaires.</text>
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Ao&amp;ucirc;t 2011

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Action Climat France

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Extrait de l'introduction :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Entre ville et campagne, la maison individuelle, fortement pl&amp;eacute;biscit&amp;eacute;e, concilie plusieurs des principales attentes sociales contemporaines : l&amp;rsquo;acc&amp;egrave;s &amp;agrave; la propri&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute;, l&amp;rsquo;intimit&amp;eacute;, la proximit&amp;eacute; temporelle aux services comme &amp;agrave; la nature, l&amp;rsquo;espace vital et la mobilit&amp;eacute;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pourtant ce d&amp;eacute;veloppement p&amp;eacute;riurbain majoritairement non ma&amp;icirc;tris&amp;eacute;, qualifi&amp;eacute; &amp;quot;d&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;talement urbain&amp;quot;, induit une faible densit&amp;eacute; d&amp;eacute;mographique dont les corollaires principaux sont une forte consommation d&amp;rsquo;espaces naturels ou agricoles, la multiplication des d&amp;eacute;placements pendulaires et une lourde infrastructure de voies et de r&amp;eacute;seaux.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Les cons&amp;eacute;quences de ce ph&amp;eacute;nom&amp;egrave;ne, en termes d&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;missions de GES, de vuln&amp;eacute;rabilisation des territoires face aux impacts des changements climatiques ou de s&amp;eacute;gr&amp;eacute;gation sociale, ne sont pas soutenables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ce constat est partag&amp;eacute; depuis plusieurs dizaines d&amp;rsquo;ann&amp;eacute;es, et la lutte contre l&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;talement urbain compte ainsi, depuis le vote de la loi Grenelle 1, comme objectif du droit de l&amp;rsquo;urbanisme.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Plusieurs initiatives int&amp;eacute;ressantes ont &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; lanc&amp;eacute;es (appels &amp;agrave; projets EcoQuartier, d&amp;eacute;marche EcoCit&amp;eacute;, etc.), mais leur port&amp;eacute;e risque d&amp;rsquo;&amp;ecirc;tre limit&amp;eacute;e en l&amp;rsquo;absence d&amp;rsquo;une politique nationale coh&amp;eacute;rente.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>L'étalement urbain modifie l'occupation des sols et la physionomie des campagnes, menace l'agriculture périurbaine, et entraîne des conséquences sur le plan environnemental. Il provoque des perturbations des écosystèmes et constitue une menace sérieuse pour la biodiversité. Dans le contexte actuel d'une artificialisation accélérée des terres, l'étude de l'étalement urbain, l'évaluation et l'anticipation de ses impacts présentent un intérêt tant pour les scientifiques que les gestionnaires du territoire. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de retracer précisément l'évolution de l'urbanisation sur Rennes Métropole, d'évaluer son impact sur la structuration des habitats écologiques, et de modéliser son évolution selon différents scénarios afin d'évaluer leurs conséquences sur l'occupation des sols et sur la biodiversité. Pour cela, une méthode de reconstitution des trajectoires d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols a d'abord été développée à partir de données de télédétection afin de mettre en évidence l'extension urbaine et de l'analyser à différentes échelles, allant du département d'Ille-et-Vilaine depuis vingt ans à de petits sites de quelques km² depuis les années 50. Ensuite, les paysages urbains actuels et passés ont été caractérisés à l'aide d'indicateurs relevant de l'écologie du paysage, avant de mettre ces derniers en relation avec des données biologiques. Enfin, les changements d'occupation du sol ont été modélisés selon différents scénarios avec un modèle intégrant un automate cellulaire, afin d'évaluer les impacts des scénarios sur les changements d'usage des sols et des paysages et sur la biodiversité. L'analyse des changements d'occupation du sol observés par télédétection illustre une nette progression du tissu urbain aux trois échelles étudiées, une régression des forêts et espaces verts à l'extérieur de la tache urbaine contre une augmentation à l'intérieur de cette tache, une fragmentation progressive des surfaces artificialisées et des espaces verts, une faible connectivité des espaces verts entre la ville et la périphérie. La mise en relation des données paysagères avec les données biologiques montre qu'au niveau des végétaux, l'urbanisation affecte le nombre d'espèces qui diminue sensiblement en allant du périurbain vers l'urbain. Au niveau des animaux, les résultats montrent que l'urbanisation affecte différemment les taxons en fonction de leur capacité de dispersion. L'analyse de l'occupation des sols projetée à un horizon 2020 selon différents scénarios montre que l'évolution 2005-2020 est très marquée, mais que les différences d'occupation des sols entre les scénarios et donc leurs impacts sur la biodiversité sont à peine perceptibles d'un scénario à l'autre. Ceci peut s'expliquer par le fait que l'évolution des surfaces urbanisées à Rennes Métropole est très contrainte par les différents documents de planification déjà existants, mais sans doute aussi par le modèle et la précision des données qu'il utilise. Mots-clés : Etalement urbain, Occupation des sols, Télédétection, Méthode Orientée-objet, Indices paysagers, Biodiversité, Modélisation, Automate cellulaire, Scénarios.</text>
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                <text>Etalement urbain et évaluation de son impact sur la biodiversité, de la reconstitution des trajectoires à la modélisation prospective. Application à une agglomération de taille moyenne : Rennes Métropole.</text>
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                <text>Dans un contexte de relativement faible urbanisation, l'Inde a malgré tout vu se développer un nombre important de villes, mais aussi de métropoles engagées dans la globalisation. En nous appuyant sur l'exemple de Chennai, capitale du Tamil Nadu et quatrième ville du pays, nous souhaitons présenter un exemple, parmi d'autres, des dynamiques actuellement à l'œuvre.&lt;br /&gt;L'exposé commence par un rappel des conditions administratives de l'urbanité en Inde, pour bien cerner l'objet ville et prendre en compte les conditions de la mesure de l'étalement. Cela permet aussi d'insister sur les possibilités de comparer les villes entre elles aussi bien dans le contexte indien qu'international.&lt;br /&gt;C'est ensuite l'histoire de la ville depuis sa création en 1639 qui est visitée sous l'angle de son extension spatiale. On y voit un étalement assez faible, limité par le pas de l'homme et une très forte fragmentation, résultat de l'assimilation de noyaux villageois qui garde leur identité au cœur de la ville.&lt;br /&gt;La dernière partie se concentre sur la décennie 1991-2001, qui a vue la ville intégrer la mondialisation et subir les transformations spatiales les plus marquantes de son histoire, avec une forte accélération de l'étalement. Le rôle des transports (notamment individuels) est souligné dans les transformations morphologiques constatées.</text>
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                <text>Dans leur Atlas des nouvelles fractures sociales (2004), Christophe Guilluy &amp; Christophe Noyé avancent l'hypothèse que l'embourgeoisement des centres villes aurait pour effet de dessiner une France périphérique qui unirait dans une même précarisation l'ouvrier en milieu rural, le petit paysan, l'employé d'un lotissement pavillonnaire bas de gamme et le chômeur de banlieue. Bien qu'elle ait le mérite d'inviter à ne pas oublier les classes sociales, cette hypothèse nous paraît réductrice. L'étalement urbain aboutit à une recomposition de la répartition des ménages en fonction de leur structure et de leurs niveaux de revenus. Il en découle une nouvelle géographie de la pauvreté au sein de laquelle, dans une même dynamique de paupérisation faite de vulnérabilité, doivent être distingués des espaces de précarisation et des espaces d'exclusion. C'est ce que nous tentons de montrer à partir du cas de Rennes et de l'Ille-et-Vilaine.&lt;br /&gt;Si les processus sont de même nature, les vécus sont différents. D'abord parce qu'objectivement ces types d'espaces n'offrent pas les mêmes ressources pour la vie quotidienne (exemples des possibilités d'accès aux services pour les familles en matière de garde d'enfants et pour les demandeurs d'emploi en matière d'offre d'insertion). Ensuite, parce que l'habiter les lieux sera très différent. D'une part en raison des disparités de ressources du milieu en matière de sociabilité (cf. les difficultés d'accueil des nouveaux venus en milieu rural). De l'autre parce qu'il faut prendre en compte l'hétérogénéité des parcours résidentiels des ménages.</text>
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                <text>Etalement urbain et géographie des inégalités sociales. le cas de Rennes et de l'Ille-et-Vilaine</text>
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                <text>étalement urbain</text>
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                <text>Etalement urbain et géographie des inégalités sociales. Le cas de Rennes et de l'Ille-et-Vilaine</text>
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                <text>, étalement urbain, mobilité, développement durable, politique publique, transport, ville viable, Wiel Marc</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l'&amp;eacute;diteur :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; De par l'ampleur des d&amp;eacute;placements qu'il implique, l'&amp;eacute;talement urbain est d&amp;eacute;sormais devenu l'un des maux des soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute;s modernes. Chronophage et dispendieux, ce mode d'habitat ne r&amp;eacute;pond plus aux crit&amp;egrave;res de d&amp;eacute;veloppement durable. Pour pallier ces inconv&amp;eacute;nients, il conviendrait de mettre en oeuvre une v&amp;eacute;ritable coh&amp;eacute;rence entre les politiques de transports et les politiques d'urbanisme. Le pr&amp;eacute;sent ouvrage tente d'indiquer des pistes d'action concr&amp;egrave;tes qui int&amp;eacute;greraient mieux ces diff&amp;eacute;rents param&amp;egrave;tres.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Marc Wiel&lt;/b&gt; est urbaniste.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                <text>La présente communication, qui se base sur une étude de terrain réalisée en 2005 sur les territoires périurbains de Mumbai, analyse la forme de l'étalement urbain sur ces territoires. L'analyse se fait à deux niveaux. Le premier porte sur l'urbanisation de la région de Mumbai depuis les années 1960. Le développement de la région n'a été uniforme ni dans le temps, ni dans l'espace, et l'accès inégal aux infrastructures et services urbains implique une hiérarchisation des centres périurbains, les mettant ainsi en concurrence. Le deuxième niveau d'analyse met en évidence les processus d'urbanisation des villes satellites. Elles n'ont pas toutes bénéficié des mêmes instruments de politique urbaine. L'étalement urbain de ces centres a conduit à un développement inégal entre les quartiers régularisés et illégaux, et à la prolifération d'un habitat formel et surtout informel. Ces inégalités sur les territoires périurbains exacerbent les fractures sociales entre populations riches et pauvres, entre populations autochtones et migrantes.</text>
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                <text>Etalement urbain et ville fragmentée à travers le monde : actes du colloque, 26-28 septembre 2007</text>
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                <text>Colloque international "Etalement urbain et ville fragmentée à travers le monde, des théories aux faits", Université d'Orléans, Institut des Sciences Humaines, University of New Orleans, Orléans, 26-28 septembre 2007</text>
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Emmanuel Amougou</text>
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3 janvier 2011

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L'Harmattan

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192</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l'&amp;eacute;diteur :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Les villes peuvent-elles v&amp;eacute;ritablement s'&amp;eacute;taler comme une tache d'huile ? Les constructions et les &amp;eacute;volutions des espaces urbains ob&amp;eacute;issent &amp;agrave; des processus ind&amp;eacute;pendants. Les &amp;quot;&amp;eacute;talements urbains&amp;quot; deviennent alors les effets, et non plus les causes, des transformations de nos villes. Pourtant articul&amp;eacute;es entre les univers politique, &amp;eacute;conomique, social et technique, la ma&amp;icirc;trise et la compr&amp;eacute;hension de ces &amp;quot;&amp;eacute;talements&amp;quot; semblent &amp;eacute;chapper aux comp&amp;eacute;tences locales mobilis&amp;eacute;es.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Emmanuel Amougou&lt;/b&gt; est sociologue et enseignant-chercheur &amp;agrave; l'Ecole nationale d'architecture de Paris La Villette.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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