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An understanding of modern man's increasingly typical habitat - the city and the urban region - is a practical necessity for almost everyone... In this work, I have tried to present an organized review and interpretation of the sociologist's work on the nature of contemporary urban regions as clusters of areas that seem to form a new kind of community. Specifically, considerable attention has been given to : (1) the unique features of urban communities; (2) the historical background of modern urbanism; (3) the continuous changes and adjustments in values and organization that accompany urban development; and (4) the rise of urban planning as an attempt to preserve the essence of urban life under conditions of rapid social and cultural change. Where possible, examples have been drawn from urban regions in various parts of the world; however, the primary focus is on the United States and modern European settings.
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Part I - Orientation to human communities :
1. The sociological approach to the community and region
2. The city as an emergent type of community
3. The problem of classifying urban regions
Part II - The interplay of demographic, ecological, and cultural themes :
4. The people of urban regions : Basic population characteristics and trends
5. Ecological organization : Understanding the socio-geographic differentiation of urban communities
6. The dynamics of urban ecological patterns
7. Emergence and structure of the urban region : Suburb, satellite, and fringe
Part III - Social organization and cultural foci of the urban region
8. Primary groups
9. Voluntary groups and formal associations
10. Social class divisions in urban regions
11. Major urban institutions : Economic, political, and religious
12. New institutional forms : Urban education and social welfare
13. Mass communications and urban leisure : A new urban ethic
14. The urban regional system : A changing equilibrium
Part IV - Urban planning and social problems :
15. Social problems and the urban region
16. Planning as an urban institution
17. Corrective planning
18. Creative planning : An application of urban sociology
Alvin Boskoff is Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Emory University.</text>
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                <text>L’émergence et le maintien des espaces en marge constituent un phénomène global qui appelle un travail d’anthropologie comparée. Cet ouvrage met en miroir les camps de réfugiés palestiniens au Liban et les favelas brésiliennes. Bien que nés dans des contextes historiques et politiques très différents, la condition actuelle des camps et des favelas, aux marges de la ville et de l’État, invite au rapprochement. Au Liban, la situation des réfugiés palestiniens est des plus difficiles au regard des autres communautés de la diaspora palestinienne, l’intégration des Palestiniens dans la société libanaise ayant toujours représenté une menace pour l’équilibre confessionnel du pays. Au Brésil, si les habitants des favelas sont, en principe, des citoyens brésiliens, ils se situent de facto aux marges politiques, économiques, sociales et juridiques de la société, la favela étant considérée comme l’espace de la criminalité et de la drogue.&#13;
&#13;
Amanda Dias s’intéresse aux processus sociaux et identitaires qui se développent à l’intérieur de ces espaces marqués par la précarité et la stigmatisation, ainsi qu’aux interactions avec l’État et la société dans laquelle ils s’insèrent. En privilégiant une approche ethnographique dans le camp de Beddawi et la favela d’Acari, elle révèle les stratégies de survie de leurs populations et l’existence d’importants réseaux d’entraide au sein du camp et de la favela. Elle accorde, enfin, une attention particulière à ceux qu’elle identifie comme les « intellectuels des marges », artistes et militants, portes d’entrée microsociologiques pour comprendre la condition des réfugiés, des favelados et de leurs lieux de vie.&#13;
&#13;
L’exercice comparatif ne se réduit pas à pointer similitudes et différences, il ne prétend pas non plus à la création d’un modèle explicatif globalisant mais porte la promesse d’un regard renouvelé.&#13;
&#13;
Docteur de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales (Paris) et de l’Université de l’État de Rio de Janeiro, Amanda Dias est chercheur associé au Laboratoire d’anthropologie urbaine et au Centre de recherches sur le Brésil colonial et contemporain. Elle est membre du comité de rédaction de la revue Brésil(s). Sciences humaines et sociales et a contribué à plusieurs ouvrages collectifs, en français, en portugais et en anglais.</text>
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                <text>Voici une excellente introduction aux méthodes de l'anthropologie urbaine. C'est le récit de la vie d'un groupe vivant dans un abri précaire qui a su construire une symbiose avec les résidents de leur rue.&#13;
&#13;
Nous découvrons de l'intérieur comment des personnes en difficulté ont sur établir une dynamique relationnelle par l'intermédiaire de la récupération alimentaire et de la cuisine. Nous y lisons la revendication de chacun à être autonome et reconnu comme sujet à part entière.</text>
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Cet article analyse le degré d'agglomération spatiale des secteurs industriels et leurs schémas de
localisation dans la métropole de Tunis en 2005, en utilisant une méthode qui prend en compte
explicitement les effets de proximité. Les indices de mesure de la concentration spatiale des activités
économiques (indice de GINI, indice d'ELLISON et GLAESER) utilisés dans la littérature présentent
des limites. Ils négligent toutes les relations d'interdépendance entre les unités spatiales, et les seuils
fixés pour mesurer le degré de la concentration géographique d'un secteur restent subjectifs. Afin de
surmonter ces limites, l'utilisation des indices spatiaux (indice global et local de MORAN) permet
de tester la significativité statistique des concentrations industrielles et d'identifier leurs schémas de
localisation. Pour les 45 délégations de la métropole, les résultats de l'indice de MORAN local montrent
la forte concentration spatiale positive, sur un petit nombre de délégations contiguës, des industries
high-tech. Ils montrent aussi une relation positive entre l'agglomération spatiale de ces activités et la
taille des entreprises.
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        Concentration et agglomération industrielles dans la métropole de Tunis
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                <text>Le texte a pour but de contribuer à la connaissance de la relation entre métropole et ville moyenne en Amazonie à partir de l'analyse de la relation établie entre Belém et la ville moyenne de Macapá (capitale de l’État de l'Amapá ). Plus qu’une inquiétude par rapport aux relations spatiales, il s’agit d’analyser les dynamiques économiques et leurs implications géographiques comme étant partie d’un processus général de production et reproduction de la société capitaliste sur cette partie du territoire brésilien. L'argument principal développé dans ce travail est que la relation entre Belém et Macapá doit être comprise dans le cadre du processus de concentration et de centralisation du capital auquel le pays est soumis. </text>
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                <text>This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge of relationship between metropolis and medium city on Amazon from the analysis of the relationship established between Belém and the medium city of Macapá (capital of Amapá State). More than a concern with spatial relationships, it seeks an analysis of economic dynamics and their geographical consequences as part of general process of production and reproduction of capitalist society in this portion of Brazilian territory. The main argument developed in this paper is that relationships between Belém and Macapá must be understood on the core of the process of concentration and centralization of capital that has reached the country. </text>
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                <text>O texto tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento da relação entre metrópole e cidade média na Amazônia a partir da análise da relação estabelecida entre Belém e a cidade média de Macapá (capital do Estado do Amapá). Mais do que uma preocupação com as relações espaciais, busca-se analisar as dinâmicas econômicas e suas implicações geográficas como parte do processo geral de produção e reprodução da sociedade capitalista nessa porção do território brasileiro. O principal argumento desenvolvido neste trabalho é o de que as relações entre Belém e Macapá devem ser entendidas no bojo do processo de concentração e centralização do capital que atingiu o país. </text>
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  Le partenariat public-privé, outil privilégié de la régénération urbaine britannique depuis M. Thatcher, n'a pas été écarté par les gouvernements successifs de T. Blair. Mais la renaissance urbaine qu'ils proposent accorde davantage de poids à la planification stratégique que les politiques urbaines conservatrices antérieures. En outre, sur cette nouvelle scène politique, le secteur public retrouve la place de manager urbain que les conservateurs lui avaient retiré au bénéfice du secteur privé. Ainsi s'opère un rééquilibrage dans la répartition des fonctions entre collectivités locales et promoteur. Cette évolution des jeux d'acteurs est parfaitement illustrée par le processus de requalification de la péninsule de Greenwich à Londres.
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Concilier privatisme et retour de la planification stratégique. L'exemple du projet de requalification de la péninsule de Greenwich, Londres</text>
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                <text>91</text>
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  La réappropriation des friches urbaines, durant leur temps de veille, par des acteurs informels, constitue un paradoxe prégnant pour les institutions en charge de la planification et des politiques urbaines. D'un côté, ce réinvestissement contribue à reterritorialiser et à revaloriser ces espaces délaissés. De l'autre, la superposition progressive des différentes stratégies de reconversion bouscule l'agenda de la planification. L'analyse des friches urbaines nous permet de mieux appréhender les processus de mutabilité de la ville contemporaine et d'analyser les coalitions d'acteurs qui en résultent. C'est en retraçant l'histoire récente de l'ancien faubourg ouvrier grenoblois, Berriat, que nous illustrerons notre propos.
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés, n 134, 3, 2008-09-29, pp.37-51</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>planification</text>
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                <text> mutations urbaines</text>
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                <text> friches</text>
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                <text> temps de veille</text>
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                <text> acteurs informels</text>
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                <text>agenda setting</text>
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                <text> mutability</text>
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                <text> derelict lands</text>
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                <text> fallow stage</text>
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                <text> informal actors</text>
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                <text>Friches en ville : du temps de veille aux politiques de l'espace</text>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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                <text>Ambrosino, Charles</text>
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                <text>2013</text>
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                <text>Dans ce chapitre, je propose d'explorer le processus de création artistique en postulant ses dimensions mutuellement réticulaire et territoriale . L'hypothèse que je défendrai par la suite est celle-ci : l'artiste n'agit pas seul. Bien au contraire, son activité fait appel à de multiples relais avec lesquels celui-ci tisse des liens et des relations d'interdépendances plus ou moins forts. Fort d'une identité professionnelle singulière, certains artistes développent des aptitudes entrepreneuriales qui peuvent les mener à établir des stratégies de différenciation collective sur le marché et à mobiliser diverses ressources, parmi lesquels la fabrique urbaine tient une place privilégiée. Les artistes disposent en effet d'une véritable intelligence de la ville : ils savent composer avec sa matérialité, son image et révéler ses qualités. Ce rapport au territoire, aussi complexe soit-il, suppose qu'au préalable ceux-là s'insèrent dans un milieu relationnel susceptible de véhiculer les informations nécessaires à l'innovation esthétique. Dans un tel contexte, certains lieux offrent une épaisseur fonctionnelle, créative et symbolique singulière, qui pèse autant sur le travail de l'art que sur l'évolution de la ville. Ces quartiers artistiques, qui ne sont ni le fruit du hasard, ni l'objet de planification, résultent du croisement d'initiatives multiples. A la fois territoire de création, d'exposition, de contemplation et de vente, ils articulent la rencontre de l'artiste avec ses réseaux ainsi que ses publics. Sans être abordé en détail, le quartier artistique de South Shoreditch à Londres, exemple emblématique de la manière dont le regroupement de créateurs sur un territoire impacte son renouvellement économique et social, sera présenté pour illustrer l'ensemble de mon propos.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00818654</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/81/86/54/PDF/ChapitreX_CA_feI_vrier2011_2_.pdf</text>
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                <text>Arts, territoires et nouvelle économie culturelle</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>Londres</text>
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                <text>gentrification urbaine</text>
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                <text>Quartiers artistiques, territoires (ré)créatifs</text>
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                <text>Portrait de l'artiste en créateur de ville.</text>
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                <text>Cet article propose d'explorer les relations qui s'installent entre art et transformations urbaines. L'évolution récente du quartier artistique de South Shoreditch à Londres montre que les processus à l'œuvre dépassent le cadre classique de la gentrification et nous éclaire sur la manière dont s'articulent les pratiques socio-spatiales des artistes avec la montée en puissance de l'économie culturelle et la reconversion postfordiste des espaces métropolitains. Cet exemple met en valeur les différentes dynamiques qui ont conduit un " ventre mou " territorial à se transformer en une véritable centralité récréative dont l'attractivité se fait sentir aujourd'hui à l'échelle globale.</text>
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                <text>Cette thèse contribue à la recherché académique en immobilier en fournissant une estimation du risque pour la gestion d'investissement en immobilier commercial. L'investissement immobilier compte de nombreuses particularités parmi lesquelles la localisation, la liquidité, la taille d'investissement ou l'obsolescence et requiert une gestion active. Ces spécificités rendent les approches traditionnelles de mesure du risque difficile à appliquer. Ce travail de recherche se présente sous la forme de quatre articles académiques traitant de la gestion de portefeuille et du risque en immobilier. Ce travail est construit sur la littérature académique existante et repose les publications antérieures. Il s'attache d'abord à analyser les options de départ des locataires contenues dans les baux commerciaux en Europe continental et en étudie les impacts sur la valeur, la gestion et le risque des portefeuilles. Ensuite, la thèse étudie l'évaluation d'un outil de mesure du risque en finance, la Value at Risk au travers de deux approches novatrices.Dans le premier article, nous prenons en considérations les options de départ inclus dans les baux en Europe continental pour mieux apprécier la valeur et risque d'un portefeuille de biens immobiliers. Ceci est obtenu par l'utilisation simultanée de simulations de Monte-Carlo et de la théorie des options. Le second article traite de la durée de détention optimale d'un portefeuille immobilier lorsque sont pris en compte les options contenues dans les baux. Le troisième article s'intéresse à la Value at Risk et propose un modèle qui tient compte de la non-normalité des rendements en immobilier. Ceci est obtenu par la combinaison de l'utilisation du développement de Cornish-Fisher et de procédures de réarrangement. Enfin dans un dernier article, nous présentons un modèle spécialement développé pour le calcul de Value at Risk en immobilier. Ce modèle a la particularité de prendre en compte les spécificités de l'immobilier et les paramètres qui ont une plus grande influence sur la valeur des actifs.</text>
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                <text>L'analyse des pratiques des touristes et des stratégies des acteurs institutionnels et privés du tourisme conduit à mettre en évidence des disjonctions territoriales. Aussi, au terme de cette étude, les avons-nous confrontées. L'analyse statistique du premier territoire, celui des touristes, fait clairement apparaître une pratique de découverte dominante au sein de notre espace d'étude, de même qu'une hyper-mobilité et une indépendance notoire des touristes. Le territoire des touristes est construit par leurs pratiques des lieux. L'étude du second territoire, celui des acteurs professionnels, laisse voir, de la part de ceux-ci, une augmentation des moyens d'intervention, un déploiement de stratégies et une diversification des actions. Cependant, institutionnels comme privés ont des logiques différentes : les acteurs privés développent des rapports tandis que chez les acteurs institutionnels interfèrent des représentations techniques et politiques du territoire.</text>
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                <text>Les territoires du tourisme en ville la pratique des acteurs du tourisme dans les villes d'Amboise, Blois et de Tours</text>
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                <text>Les frontières, lignes conventionnelles marquant les limites politiques d'un territoire fonctionnent de plus en plus comme des dispositifs réticulaires. Pourtant, on assiste à une multiplication d'artefacts matériels sur ces espaces, dont le sens est complexe. On cherche à comprendre ici à la fois la fermeture des paysages de frontière par les murs, et la multiplication d'œuvres d'art sur et autour de ces lignes symboliques. L'illustration par l'étude de la scène artistique et paysagère USA / Mexique permet de mettre en évidence les enjeux du " tournant visuel " théorique que cet article explore.</text>
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                <text>Que montrent les murs ? Des frontières contemporaines de plus en plus visibles</text>
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                <text>1) De la frontière internationale au transfrontalier : la frontière 'mobile' 2) L'émergence de Murs après la Chute du Mur de Berlin 3) Les artistes et la frontière, un révélateur puissant</text>
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                <text>Dictionnaire des mondialisations (2ème édition augmentée )</text>
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&#13;
Drawing on a wealth of evidence--including census data, opinion polls, hundreds of newspaper reports from across the United States, and more than one hundred original interviews with residents in Chicago, one of the most paradigmatic cities in America--There Goes the Gayborhood? argues that political gains and societal acceptance are allowing gays and lesbians to imagine expansive possibilities for a life beyond the gayborhood. The dawn of a new post-gay era is altering the character and composition of existing enclaves across the country, but the spirit of integration can coexist alongside the celebration of differences in subtle and sometimes surprising ways.&#13;
&#13;
Exploring the intimate relationship between sexuality and the city, this cutting-edge book reveals how gayborhoods, like the cities that surround them, are organic and continually evolving places. Gayborhoods have nurtured sexual minorities throughout the twentieth century and, despite the unstoppable forces of flux, will remain resonant and revelatory features of urban life.&#13;
&#13;
Amin Ghaziani is associate professor of sociology at the University of British Columbia. He is the author of The Dividends of Dissent: How Conflict and Culture Work in Lesbian and Gay Marches on Washington.</text>
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                <text>L'immigration libanaise, relativement récente dans son ampleur actuelle, fut à l'origine une immigration provisoire. L'histoire complexe et longue de la guerre civile l'a transformée au fil des années en immigration définitive. Malgré la fin de la guerre civile et le retour de la paix au Liban depuis 1990, la crise politique et socio-économique persiste. Contrairement à certaines parties de la diaspora libanaise, on constate un mouvement de retour insignifiant au sein de la diaspora libanaise de France. La prédominance des Maronites, qui ont fait de la France leur bastion politique et économique, explique ce phénomène.</text>
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                <text>Migratory Process and Present Trends of the Lebanese Immigration in France. 

The Lebanese immigration in France, relatively recent in its present volume, was at the beginning a temporary one. Year after year, the complicated and long history of the civil war transformed it into a definite immigration. Despite the end of the civil war and the return of peace in the home land since 1990, the politic and socio- economic crisis persists. Contrary to certain parts of the Lebanese diaspora, we find a significant movement of return concerning the Lebanese diaspora in France. The predominance of the Maronites, who made of France their politic and economic bastion, explains this phenomenon.</text>
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                <text>Abdulkarim Amir. Processus migratoire et tendances actuelles de l'immigration libanaise en France. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1996-2-3. Immigrés et enfants d'immigrés. pp. 475-483.</text>
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                <text>Water scarcity is a characteristic of north-western states of India, such as Gujarat. Over time, the continuous increase of the population as well as the financial, administrative and technical deficiencies of the new supply system have lead to the deterioration of the water service in the city. In the meantime, the water demand has considerably increased due to the improvement of standards of living. This has resulted in an increasing pressure on underground water resources, which has lead to an alarming depletion of aquifers. From this overall situation arises the question of the use of complementary alternative sources of water in Ahmedabad and more particularly of the rehabilitation of the rainwater harvesting structures still existing in its old city area. The objective of the research is to evaluate to what extent this traditional system may constitute an additional source of water within the Old city of Ahmedabad and may locally reduce the pressure on water demand, assuming that the existing supply system does not fulfil the needs of the users. The results of an exploratory field study conducted in the Old city in 2001-02, which combined quantitative and qualitative aspects, give an outlook on people's opinions and behaviors regarding both systems. Finally, the rehabilitation of rainwater harvesting structures in the Old city of Ahmedabad suggests the necessity of empowering local structures of water management (households, non governmental association) in semi-arid urban areas to create the conditions for a sustainable implementation.</text>
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                <text>Rainwater harvesting, alternative to the water supply in Indian urban areas : The case of Ahmedabad in Gujarat</text>
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                <text>Amorim, Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade</text>
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                <text>Monteiro, Ana</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>L'utilisation d'images infrarouges thermiques est une technique importante pour fournir des informations qualitatives sur la température d'une ville et peut grandement contribuer à la planification urbaine, ils montrent l'impact de la température de surface selon l'utilisation et l'occupation des terres. Cette recherche vise à analyser les différences en été des températures intra urbain par satellite Landsat 7 images thermiques dans deux villes de taille moyenne à différentes latitudes: Porto (Portugal) et Presidente Prudente (Brésil). Les résultats ont montré que certaines zones de la ville ont des températures de surface extrêmement élevées qui contribuent à l'inconfort. </text>
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                <text>The use of thermal infrared images is an important technique to provide qualitative information about the temperature of a city and can greatly contribute to urban planning as they show the impacts of the surface temperature according to the use and occupation of land. This research aims to analyze the differences in summer intra urban temperatures through Landsat 7 satellite thermal images in two medium-sized cities at different latitudes: Porto (Portugal) and Presidente Prudente (Brazil). The results showed that some areas of the city have extremely high surface temperatures contributing to the discomfort. </text>
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                <text>A utilização do sensor infravermelho termal é uma técnica importante para fornecer a temperatura qualitativa da cidade, que muito pode contribuir na perspectiva do planejamento urbano, na medida em que são definidos padrões na distribuição da temperatura da superfície de acordo com o uso e a ocupação do solo. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as diferenças de temperaturas intraurbanas por meio de imagens térmicas do satélite Landsat 7 em duas cidades de porte médio com latitudes diferentes: Porto (Portugal) e Presidente Prudente (Brasil) em episódios de verão. Os resultados mostraram que alguns locais das cidades apresentam temperaturas das superfícies extremamente elevadas contribuindo para o desconforto térmico. </text>
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