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                <text>Saunier, Pierre-Yves</text>
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                <text>This chapter will attempt to observe the constraints and cleavages faced by cities' organizations, through the place and role that a single city has made for itself in their midst. Lyon, France's “second city”, offers both archival, direct observation and oral interview opportunities to bridge a century of intermunicipal activities, because of its presence in several organizations across different generations. Amongst those we have selected is the oldest transnational association of municipalities, the Union Internationale des Villes, created in 1913, and the more contemporary Eurocities, founded in Barcelona in 1989. We believe the comparison between the role of Lyon within these two groups can help us to understand both the nature of the city's protagonism beyond the national sphere, and the basis on which such municipal associations operate, as well as how these change, or exhibit continuities, across time and space.</text>
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                <text>Another Global City. Historical Explorations into the Transnational Municipal Moment 1850-2000</text>
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                <text>A city in the world of cities : Lyon and municipal associations in the 20th century</text>
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                <text>The following report provides an overview of the evolution of urban climatology over the past 50 years or so, based on original research for the ESRC ‘Climate Science and Urban Design' project at the University of Manchester. We list the main individuals and their publications; summarize the main events in the field and their consequences; describe the main organizations of relevance to the field; and discuss the main reviews and bibliographies that were published since 1938. This material is available from a variety of sources, but was scattered among web resources, archival material, and information gathered from interviews with major figures of the discipline. Our work was to bring all this data together in a convenient format which we hope may serve as a reference for future work, especially on the links between urban climatology and planning.</text>
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                <text>A compact history of urban climatology &amp; planning</text>
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                <text>, imaginaire, économie, culture urbaine, urbanité, politique urbaine, politique de la ville, société urbaine, espace urbain</text>
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                <text>Cet article examine l’accès à la propriété, la suburbanisation et la reségrégation des immigrants portugais dans les aires métropolitaines de Toronto et Montréal (villes de banlieue Mississauga et Laval). Les Portugais ont un groupe solidement installé à Toronto et Montréal depuis les années 1950, avec des niveaux élevés d’accès a la propriété et une forte tendance à la suburbanisation. Les Portugais présentent aussi un degré remarquablement élevé de ségrégation au sein des villes de Montréal et Toronto. Reposant sur des questionnaires collectés auprès d’immigrants portugais à Montréal en 1984 et Toronto en 1990, et re-interviewés en 2003, cet article semble indiquer que ce sont plus des facteurs d’attraction de la banlieue que des facteurs répulsifs du centre qui conduisent à la suburbanisation. Les Portugais de Mississauga et Laval sont également caractérisés par une forme d’auto-ségrégation volontaire, qui est entre autres la conséquence de leur recours a des intermédiaires ethniques portugais, en particulier des agents immobiliers, qui jouent un rôle essentiel dans ce processus de reségrégation.  </text>
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                <text>This paper examines immigrant home-ownership, suburbanization and resegregation with comparative reference to Portuguese communities in Toronto and Montreal and their adjacent suburbs (Mississauga and Laval respectively). The Portuguese have been an established immigrant group in Toronto and Montreal since the early 1950s, and demonstrate both high levels of homeownership and a high tendency towards suburbanization. The Portuguese group is also remarkable for their high levels of segregation within the boundaries of the cities of Toronto and Montreal. This longitudinal study relies on data that were first obtained from questionnaire surveys administered to Portuguese residents living in the city of Montreal in 1984, and to residents who left the city of Toronto and moved to Mississauga, a western suburb of Toronto, in 1990; these respondents having been re-interviewed in 2003. Findings suggest that “pull” rather than “push” factors are primarily responsible for their suburbanization. The Portuguese group in both Mississauga and Laval are also characterized by a form of “voluntary” self- segregation, which seems to be partially a result of their heavy reliance on “ethnic” (community) sources of information – in particular Portuguese real estate agents – who play a critical role in this resegregation process. </text>
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                <text>Iraq has a stock of buildings, particularly dwellings, many of which are neither physically fit nor capable of meeting the economic and social needs of today. Many people, particularly in the cities, live in overcrowded and insanitary conditions. Many dwellings are badly located and mixed with derelict land. Population is expected to grow and even without any rise in standards, this would greatly increase the need for building and works of all kinds. At the macro level the main cause of the housing problem must be attributed to the process of migration and urbanization, which have contributed to the creation of slums and squatter settlements. At the policy level, the existing machinery of planning is scarcely adequate. Housing has conventionally received only scant attention in national development plans and this central neglect is mirrored by a similar failure at the municipal level. At the micro level, with which this study has primarily been concerned, it must be emphasised that housing is not simply an economic commodity but has deep social and political as well as environmental implications. The increasing gap between incomes and housing costs has to be contained and this can only be done by operating on a number of fronts simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to examine the housing sector in Iraq with special reference to the city of Baghdad-from the point of view that housing is not only a shelter which provides protection from the elements but a synthesis in which social, economic, physical and political forces interact. The study also develops an argument that housing density is not simply another planning index to be used with others in the formulation of town plans but a crucial variable which once fixed will have far reaching effects not only to the inhabitants of the housing areas but also to the social, economic and physical environment of the urban structure as a whole. The study adopts two related approaches. The first approach is a general survey of the causes and effects of housing problems and the interrelationships of housing aspects. Then, having identified particular topics of concern, the study examines some of these, such as housing needs, standards, housing inputs, i. e. land, finance building materials, labour and the construction industry, housing densities and costs relationships, in some detail. The study stresses the need to establish principles and processes of comprehensive analysis stems from the importance of housing as a community problem area, since housing is a major land use and its form reflects and influences, in a critical way, the pattern of urban experience and activity. Throughout, the aim has not been to produce a model or concrete figures so much as to analyse present trends and suggest some likely future developments in the hope that, with modification and. improvement, this study could act as a basis for further detailed study of the housing sector and assist in the formulation of long - term housing programme. </text>
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                <text>http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk/1505/</text>
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                <text>University of Nottingham</text>
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                <text>housing, urban growth, urban density, urban planning, housing policy</text>
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                <text>A comprehensive approach to the study of the housing sector in Iraq with special reference to needs, standards, inputs, density and costs as factors in the analysis of housing problems in Baghdad</text>
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                <text>Lam, B. Advisor</text>
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                <text>Currently change in cities is accelerating intricately and diversely because of technological advances, information floods, increased openness, and the rising standard of living. While city development depended on the activation of urban marketing, a city of importance and recognition is highlighted as one brand. To increase city brand value, it has become necessary to study the brand equity held by cities and to develop a strategy based on a new approach. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate how a city brand can be developed and through which kind of method. Therefore, the phenomenon of a city was investigated and analysed based on semiotics underpinning the communication of all phenomenon. The purpose of this research was to suggest a new perspective for city branding strategy and to develop a conceptual model for a city branding strategy that is an improvement on the strategies being used by industry and in academia. The proposed perspective is based on semiotics which is the analysis of the interaction between general objects and cultural phenomena. The conceptual model takes elements constituting a city and identifies the core categories comprising branding. From this, it is clear that sustainable city branding is possible, as city assets are developed and brand value is formed. The conceptual model of the city branding process has been positively evaluated through three case studies and five in-depth interviews with experts. The proposed model provides the basis for a city research plan and a tool for the management of the city branding process. The conceptual model offers several advantages as shown below:1. A holistic view of city branding strategy development; 2. A new perspective of city interpretation through semiotics; 3. An understanding of the interaction between city users (residents and visitors) and city with a cognition process and associated image; 4. A clarification of the roles of all component elements within the city branding strategy; 5. An integration of the component elements and core categories for city branding; 6. A new approach to city branding strategy through the conceptual model. Therefore, this research presents a robust theoretical basis for developing a new city branding strategy through the conceptual model.</text>
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                <text>http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5361</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="191005">
                <text>Brunel University</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>city branding, semiotics, city marketing</text>
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                <text>A conceptual model for city branding based on semiotics</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="489871">
                <text>Souchaud, Sylvain</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>A confecção : nicho étnico ou nicho econômico para a imigração latino-americana em São Paulo?</text>
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                <text>Imigração boliviana no Brasil</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="489878">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>A confecção : nicho étnico ou nicho econômico para a imigração latino-americana em São Paulo?</text>
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                <text>Souza, Charles Benedito Gemaque</text>
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                <text>L'espace considéré comme historiquement produit par l'homme dans le fait d'organiser tant politique qu'économiquement sa société; c'est l'afirmation qui distingue les oeuvres de Henri Lefebvre. Il s'occupe d'un essai concret de retourner à dialetique de Marx, mais sans le dogmatisme et les oppressions qui sont caractéristique d'autres interprétations de matérialiste. Pourtant, le présent de la réflexion de cet auteur inhérente à l' urbanisation de l'espace amazonique et dans l'attribution avec son espace social présent dans le quotidien de Belém permet l'exercice de la reconnaissance de validité d'une telle pensée avec l’appehension de la complexité de la ville dans l’Amazonie. </text>
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                <text>The space considered as historically produced by man in organizing both political and economical his society; this is the affirmation that distinguishes Henri Lefebvre masterpieces. It deals with a concrete attempt in returning to the Marx dialectic, but without the dogmatism the characteristic oppressions concerning other materialist interpretations. However, the present time of the actor reflection inherent to the Amazon urban space and in assignment with its socio-spatial presented in Belém day-to-day allows the exercise of the validity acknowledgment of such thought along with apprehension of the Amazon city complexity. </text>
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                <text>O espaço considerado como historicamente produzido pelo homem à medida que organiza política e economicamente a sua sociedade, esta é a afirmação que distingue o conjunto das obras de Henri Lefebvre. Trata-se de uma tentativa concreta de retornar à dialética de Marx, contudo sem os dogmatismos e as opressões características de outras interpretações marxistas. Nessa acepção, a atualidade das reflexões do autor em relação à realidade do contexto urbano na Amazônia e, designadamente, com as contradições espaciais presentes no cotidiano de Belém permite um exercício de reconhecimento da validade deste pensamento para apreensão da complexidade das cidades Amazônicas. </text>
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                <text>Dialectics</text>
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                <text>A contribuição de Henri Lefebvre para reflexão do espaço urbano da Amazônia</text>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Liège</text>
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                <text>Belgium</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="486213">
                <text>Farah, Jihad</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>2011-09-12</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Urban observatories represent today a global phenomenon. In the last decades, public actors, universities and civil society actors have established hundreds of urban observatories all around the world. Some of these observatories actively contribute to the analysis of urban dynamics and affect urban policy making. However, urban observatories are still understudied; the scientific literature on urban observatories is rare and culturally fragmented. This article seeks to contribute to the development of a body of knowledge on urban observatories, by proposing a typology of urban observatories that stress the potential impacts and contributions of four different archetypes on urban and territorial planning and management.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="486216">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00665751</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="486217">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/66/57/51/PDF/Farah_ENTI_2011_LiA_ge_Intelligence_Planning_and_Tourism.pdf</text>
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                <text>ENG</text>
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                <text>In international Conference "Sustainable economics within the new culture of development", Liège 2011</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:HISPHILSO] Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>Urban observatories - typology - planning - participation - learning networks - empowerment</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="486222">
                <text>A draft for a typology of urban observatories</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>conference, seminar, workshop communication</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644295">
                  <text>Confins</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text/>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644297">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
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    </collection>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="565122">
                <text>Melara, Eliane</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="565123">
                <text>2012-03-19</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="565124">
                <text>Violence and criminality are wide themes and, according to the approach used, can be explained in different ways. In this work the subject of criminal violence was prioritized, with attention to the mapping of information. Our intention in this analysis was to problematize the differentiated distribution of criminal occurrences in the urban space of a middle sized city in the South of Brazil - Santa Maria, focusing on how the different crime types are distributed around the neighborhoods of the city, considering socio-economic characteristics. Methodologically, we have used the mapping of data provided by IBGE and information about criminal occurrences obtained from the military brigade of Rio Grande do Sul State. We have also made use of reports from diverse participants in the city, as their positioning was important to help us understand the dynamics of criminal violence. Our results indicate that the criminal occurrences related to drug traffic concentrate in an area where the levels of income and education are low.  However, many drug dealers and consumers are residents of other parts of the city and are characterized by belonging to different social classes, even if this information does not appear very frequently in the statistics. Moreover, we have observed that, departing from this type of crime, others also occur, such as robberies, thefts, and assaults. We have also verified that crimes against the person, in a general way, are distributed differentially from crimes against property; and that in many cases this differentiation may be related to social, economic and urban infrastructure factors of the neighborhood. It is important to add that the occurrence of some crime types has followed specific patterns. Thus, in this study, there was a need to question: the data sources researched, the reason for the differentiated occurrence of crimes in the neighborhoods, possible victims and aggressors, why some crimes had bigger visibility than others, what is the relationship with the social inequalities, what is the analysis about white-collar crimes, etc. Finally, with this article, we aimed at contributing to the study of the types of violence that cover the Brazilian middle cities, through one of the many ways in which it is possible to think about this subject in the urban space. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="565125">
                <text>Violência e criminalidade são temáticas abrangentes e, de acordo com a abordagem utilizada, podem ser explicadas sob diferentes vieses. Neste trabalho foi priorizado o que se denominou de violência criminal, com enfoque no mapeamento de informações. Nosso intuitofoiproblematizar a espacialização diferenciada das ocorrências criminais no espaço urbano de uma cidade média no sul do Brasil - Santa Maria, focando como os diferentes tipos de crimes estão distribuídos pelos bairros da cidade, considerando características socioeconômicas nesta análise. Metodologicamente, utilizamos o mapeamento dos dados fornecidos pelo IBGE e aqueles provenientes das ocorrências criminais obtidos junto à brigada militar do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Fizemos uso também de relatos de diversos atores da cidade, uma vez que seus posicionamentos foram importantes para ajudar a entender a dinâmica da violência criminal na cidade. Nossos resultados apontam que as ocorrências criminais relacionadas ao tráfico de drogas concentram-se numa área onde os níveis de renda e instrução são baixos, porém muitos traficantes e consumidores são residentes de outras partes da cidade e caracterizados por pertencer a diferentes classes sociais, embora essas informações não apareçam com frequência nas estatísticas. Além disso, observamos que, a partir desse tipo de crime, ocorrem outros, como: roubos, furtos e agressões. Verificamos também que os crimes contra a pessoa, de modo geral, distribuem-se diferentemente dos crimes contra o patrimônio, e que em muitos casos essa diferenciação pode estar relacionada a fatores sociais, econômicos e de infraestutura urbana do bairro. É importante acrescentar que a ocorrência de alguns tipos de crimes seguiu padrões específicos. Assim, nesse estudo, foi preciso questionar as fontes de dados pesquisadas, o porquê da ocorrência diferenciada dos crimes nos bairros, possíveis vítimas e agressores, por que alguns crimes tiveram maior visibilidade que outros, qual a relação com as desigualdades sociais, qual a análise sobre os crimes do colarinho branco etc. Por fim, com esse artigo, objetivamos contribuir com o estudo das violências que incidem sobre as cidades médias brasileiras, através de um dos inúmeros caminhos em que é possível pensar esse assunto no espaço urbano. La violence et la criminalité sont des thèmes globaux et, selon l'approche utilisée, peuventt être expliquées sous différents biais. Dans ce travail on priorise ce qu'on a appelé violence criminelle, en se concentrant sur la cartographie d´informations. Notre but c´est discuter la spécialisation différenciée des occurences criminelles dans l´espace urbain de Santa Maria, une ville moyenne au sud du Brésil, se concentrant sur la façon dont différents types de crimes sont distribués dans les différents quartiers de la ville, considérant aussi des caractéristiques socioéconomiques dans cette analyse. Méthodologiquement, nous avons utilisé la cartographie des données de l'IBGE et celles tirées des événements criminels obtenus à partir de la Brigade militaire de Rio Grande do Sul. Nous avons également utilisé les rapports de plusieurs acteurs de la ville, car leurs positions étaient importantes pour aider à comprendre la dynamique de la violence dans la ville. Nos résultats indiquent que les événements criminels liés au trafic de drogue sont concentrés dans une région où les revenus et les niveaux d'éducation sont bas, cependant de nombreux traficants et consommateurs résident d'autres parties de la ville et  appartiennent à des différentes classes sociales, bien que ces informations ne figurent pas très souvent dans les statistiques. En outre, nous avons noté qu´à partir de ce type de crime, d'autres se produisent, tels que les cambriolages, les vols et les agressions. Nous avons également constaté que les crimes contre la personne, en général, sont répartis différemment des crimes contre le patrimoine, et que, dans de nombreux cas, cette différence peut être liée aux facteurs sociaux, économiques et d´infrastructure urbaine du quartier. Il est à noter que l'occurence de certains types de crimes a suivi des modèles spécifiques. Ainsi, dans cette étude, il a fallu remettre en question les sources de données recherchées, la raison de la présence différentielle des crimes dans les quartiers, des possibles victimes et agresseurs, pourquoi certains crimes sont plus visibles que d'autres, quel est le rapport avec les inégalités sociales, quelle est l'analyse sur la criminalité des cadres, etc. Enfin, avec cet article, nous pensons contribuer à l'étude des violences qui se concentrent sur les villes moyennes au Brésil, à travers une des nombreuses voies qui rendent possible de penser à cette affaire dans l'espace urbain. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="565126">
                <text>http://confins.revues.org/7477</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="565127">
                <text>doi:10.4000/confins.7477</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="565128">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="565129">
                <text>Brazil.</text>
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                <text>Criminal Violence – Criminal Occurrences – Urban Space – Santa Maria/ RS</text>
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                <text>RS</text>
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                <text>Santa Maria</text>
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                <text>Brésil</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="565134">
                <text>Crimes et Délits - Résultats pénaux - Espace urbain - Santa Maria / RS</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="565135">
                <text>Brasil</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="565136">
                <text>Violência Criminal - Ocorrências criminais - Espaço urbano -</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="565137">
                <text>A espacialização da violência criminal na cidade de Santa Maria, RS</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
              </elementText>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644295">
                  <text>Confins</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644296">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644297">
                  <text>Revues.org</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="563269">
                <text>Sanfelici, Daniel de Mello</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="563270">
                <text>2013-07-22</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="563271">
                <text>Durant les cinq à dix dernières années, les offres et les ventes du marché immobilier résidentiel ont connu une croissance exceptionnelle et, par voie de conséquence, commencé à modifier le paysage des métropoles brésiliennes. Cette croissance a été stimulée par un entrelacement sans précédent du système financier avec le circuit de production et de consommation du cadre bâti urbain dans le pays. Les auteurs qui se penchent sur ce phénomène sont nombreux à tenter de l’interpréter à la lumière du mouvement de financiarisation de l’économie, envisagé comme une expression du pouvoir accru des investisseurs financiers soucieux de valoriser leur capital avec la transformation de l’espace urbain. Ce travail vise à contribuer au débat en cours en montrant que le processus de financiarisation, qui touche le marché immobilier brésilien depuis quelques années, a produit un réaménagement des relations entre les échelles socio-spatiales. La première partie de l’étude propose une vision panoramique des transformations des transactions immobilières issues de l’articulation avec le système financier. La deuxième partie se base sur une série d’entretiens réalisés entre 2011 et 2012 et sur des relevés de données relatives au secteur en question, pour distinguer les types de rapports entre agents de différentes échelles socio-spatiales. Dans ce mouvement, l’articulation entre échelle mondiale et échelle nationale est illustrée par le besoin des promoteurs à faire preuve de plus de « transparence » au niveau de leurs activités afin de pouvoir intégrer le portefeuille des grands investisseurs institutionnels étrangers. Quant aux liens entre échelle nationale et échelle locale, ils sont envisagés comme le fruit de partenariats établis entre les grands promoteurs immobiliers financiarisés et les petits et moyens constructeurs/promoteurs régionaux. Dans les deux cas, l’objectif est de souligner les mises à distance et les tensions résultant du rapprochement d’agents expressifs de logiques spatio-temporelles dissemblables. Partant de là, l’échelle géographique n’est pas vue comme une dimension étanche du processus social ; au contraire, elle est produite et transformée socialement et, en tant que telle, intériorise des tensions et des contradictions sociales. Finalement, l’accent est mis sur l’importance de la construction de liens scalaires pour la reproduction du pouvoir des finances dans l’actualité. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563272">
                <text>Over the past five to ten years, Brazil’s residential real estate market has experienced a marked expansion both in terms of housing starts and sales. This expansion, which has rapidly transformed Brazilian cities, was spurred by an unprecedented intertwining of the financial markets and the production/consumption of the urban built environment in the country. In the wake of this process, many scholars have interpreted these changes as representative of the financialization of the economy, since it expresses financial investors’ growing ability to derive income from changes in the urban space. This paper attempts to contribute to this ongoing debate by arguing that the process of financialization, which in the past few years has taken hold of the property sector in Brazil, has caused a restructuring of the links between socio-spatial scales. In the first part, we have provided an overview of the changes that have taken place in the real estate business as an outcome of its connections with the financial system. In the second part, based on a set of interviews conducted between 2011 and 2012 and on data collected about the sector, we have brought attention to the types of articulation between agents operating at different socio-spatial scales. In this analysis, the articulation between the global and the national scales is illustrated by developers’ need to make their businesses more “transparent” in order that the papers they issue in financial markets can be aggregated to the portfolio of large foreign institutional investors. The linkages between the national and the local scales, in terms, are examined here as resulting from the partnerships established between large, financialized developers and regional small and medium-sized builders. In both cases, we have attempted to shed light on the disagreements and tensions that have resulted from the convergence of agents that embody distinct socio-spatial logics, thus demonstrating that the geographical scale, far from being a fixed dimension of social relations, is itself socially produced and changed and, because of that, it internalizes tensions and contradictions. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of the construction of scalar linkages for the reproduction of financial power. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563273">
                <text>Nos últimos cinco a dez anos, o setor imobiliário residencial no Brasil registrou uma expansão extraordinária em termos de lançamentos e vendas. Essa expansão, que vem transformando rapidamente as metrópoles brasileiras, foi impelida por um entrelaçamento sem precedentes do sistema financeiro com o circuito de produção e consumo do ambiente construído urbano no país. Na esteira desse fenômeno, muitos autores vêm tentando interpretar essas transformações à luz do movimento de financeirização da economia, como uma expressão do poder redobrado dos investidores financeiros em obter rendimentos com a transformação do espaço urbano. Esse trabalho pretende contribuir para esse debate em curso argumentando que o processo de financeirização, que nos últimos anos atingiu os negócios imobiliários no Brasil, produziu um reordenamento dos vínculos entre as escalas geográficas. A primeira parte do trabalho dedica-se, assim, a proporcionar uma visão panorâmica das transformações ocorridas nos negócios imobiliários como fruto da articulação com o sistema financeiro. Na segunda parte, apoiando-nos em uma gama de entrevistas realizadas entre 2011 e 2012 e em levantamentos de dados sobre o setor em questão, procuramos colocar em destaque as formas de articulação entre agentes situados em diferentes escalas socioespaciais. Nesse movimento, a articulação entre a escala global e a escala nacional é ilustrada pela necessidade das incorporadoras de tornarem suas atividades mais “transparentes” a fim de que seus papéis possam ser agregados ao portfólio de grandes investidores institucionais estrangeiros. Os vínculos entre a escala nacional e a local, por sua vez, são examinados como fruto do estabelecimento de parcerias entre as grandes incorporadoras financeirizadas e construtoras/incorporadoras pequenas e médias regionais. Em ambos os casos, procuramos colocar em evidência os desencontros e as tensões que resultam da aproximação de agentes expressivos de lógicas espaço-temporais díspares, demonstrando que a escala geográfica, longe de ser uma dimensão estanque do processo social, é produzida e transformada socialmente e, enquanto tal, internaliza tensões e contradições sociais. O trabalho realça, em sua conclusão, a importância da construção de nexos escalares para a reprodução do poder das finanças na atualidade. </text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="563274">
                <text>http://confins.revues.org/8494</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="563275">
                <text>fr</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="563276">
                <text>Financialization; Real estate market; Rescaling; Production of scale</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563277">
                <text>Brasil / Brésil</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563278">
                <text>Financiarisation ; marché immobilier ; réaménagement scalaire ; production de l’échelle.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="563279">
                <text>Financeirização; Mercado imobiliário; Reordenamento escalar; Produção da escala.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="563280">
                <text>A financeirização do circuito imobiliário como rearranjo escalar do processo de urbanização</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>The introduction to this thesis sets forward its aims which are to account for the present morphological features of Tehran and Isfahan and to examine in detail the characteristic features of Persian towns. It goes on to examine the sources for such a study and to describe some of the methods which have been employed.&#13;
&#13;
The thesis itself is divided into three sections. The first traces the historical development of Tehran and Isfahan from the earliest times. The periods during which the cities have been capitals of Persia, the Safavid period in the case of Isfahan and the Qajar and present Pahlevi periods for Tehran are considered in detail and the morphological effects of growth or decay are emphasised.&#13;
&#13;
The second part is a detailed examination of certain morphological features which have played significant roles in forming the townscape of Tehran and Isfahan and which are valuable as distinguishing features of the Persian town in general. Those studied are defences and palace quarters, bazaars, gardens and palaces, Islamic religious buildings, squares, baths and foreign establishments. A further chapter considers changes of population up to the present and the part played by minority groups.&#13;
&#13;
The third section uses the material thus presented in an analysis of urban characteristics in Persia. Finally an attempt has been made to apply modern theories of urban geography to Tehran and Isfahan especially those concerning the classifications of towns by typology and an urban hierarchy, and the trait complex.</text>
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                <text>Durham University</text>
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                <text>urban morphology, Persian cities, Tehran, Isfahan, urban development, Iran, origin of cities, townscape, urban form, urban geography, urban history, population, urban characteristics</text>
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                <text>A geographical study of the evolution of the cities of Tehran and Isfahan</text>
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                <text>Italy</text>
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                <text>Le texte présente des indicateurs afin d' évaluer l'homogénéité des tissus urbains. Il présente notamment la structure des SIG qui permettent de les calculer.</text>
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                <text>3rd Historical Cities Sustainable Development : "The GIS as Design and Management Support"</text>
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                <text>The GIS as Design and Management Support</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>A GIS for the homogeneity assessment of urban fabrics</text>
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Marcel Bovis</text>
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12 mai 2011

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La Martini&amp;egrave;re

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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation par l'&amp;eacute;diteur :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
Form&amp;eacute; &amp;agrave; l'&amp;Eacute;cole nationale des Arts D&amp;eacute;coratifs de Nice, &lt;b&gt;Marcel Bovis&lt;/b&gt; se convertit &amp;agrave; la photographie pendant son service militaire ; il en fait son m&amp;eacute;tier &amp;agrave; partir de 1933. Il photographie Paris de nuit d&amp;egrave;s 1927 et se passionne pour les f&amp;ecirc;tes populaires et le cirque. Son regard sur Paris traduit l'incroyable sens du cadrage et de la composition d'un homme qui se voyait avant tout comme un illustrateur. Le Paris de nuit de l'entre-deux-guerres, les f&amp;ecirc;tes foraines et le cirque, le petit peuple des grandes villes et les nus sont les th&amp;egrave;mes de pr&amp;eacute;dilection de cet autodidacte engag&amp;eacute; pour donner &amp;agrave; la profession de photographe toutes ses lettres de noblesse. Un ouvrage qui restitue parfaitement la joie, la vie et le romantisme qui ont, pour beaucoup, fond&amp;eacute; le mythe de cette ville.&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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                <text>Souchaud, Sylvain</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Mais ou menos dez anos depois dos primeiros estudos publicados sobre a população boliviana em São Paulo, realizados pelo antropólogo Sidney da Silva , multiplicam-se, nos anos 2000, os trabalhos acadêmicos sobre esta população que, ao mesmo tempo, foi se tornando um tema de interesse para os jornalistas de imprensa e televisão. A matéria sobre os imigrantes bolivianos em São Paulo é hoje importante, e aborda vários aspectos do cotidiano deste grupo: sua condição de imigrante e seus direitos, suas atividades e condições de trabalho principalmente na indústria da confecção, sua inserção na cidade e suas particularidades e manifestações culturais. No entanto, nos trabalhos que pudemos consultar até hoje, parece faltar, tanto uma descrição das características sociodemográficas gerais desta população, como uma apresentação de elementos contextuais, principalmente no que se refere a seus lugares de origem e à articulação deste fluxo para a metrópole com os outros fluxos de imigração boliviana no Brasil. Esboçamos neste texto a geografia da imigração boliviana na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), associando elementos da demografía e da espacialidade deste grupo .</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00553018</text>
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract from the publisher : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; An in-depth look at the urban history of British Bombay&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; It was the era of the Raj, and yet A Joint Enterprise reveals the unexpected role of native communities in the transformation of the urban fabric of British Bombay from 1854 to 1918. Preeti Chopra demonstrates how British Bombay was, surprisingly, a collaboration of the colonial government and the Indian and European mercantile and industrial elite who shaped the city to serve their combined interests.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Chopra shows how the European and Indian engineers, architects, and artists worked with each other to design a city&amp;mdash;its infrastructure, architecture, public sculpture&amp;mdash;that was literally constructed by Indian laborers and craftsmen. Beyond the built environment, Indian philanthropists entered into partnerships with the colonial regime to found and finance institutions for the general public. Too often thought to be the product of the singular vision of a founding colonial regime, British Bombay is revealed by Chopra as an expression of native traditions meshing in complex ways with European ideas of urban planning and progress.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; The result, she argues, was the creation of a new shared landscape for Bombay&amp;rsquo;s citizens that ensured that neither the colonial government nor the native elite could entirely control the city&amp;rsquo;s future.&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;b&gt;Preeti Chopra &lt;/b&gt;is Associate Professor of Visual Culture Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison&lt;/div&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; </text>
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                </elementText>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="496403">
                <text>Ghorra-Gobin, Cynthia</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="496404">
                <text>2007</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="496405">
                <text>L'analyse a pour objectif de différencier le sens véhiculé par ville globale de celui de ville mondiale. Elle propose de prendre distance avec les termes anglo-américains "global city" et "world city" souvent utilisés comme synonymes afin d'y inclure la dimension culturelle et historique.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="496406">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00547237</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="496407">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/54/72/37/PDF/LInformation_GEOVilleMon_M07.pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="496408">
                <text>FRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="496409">
                <text>L'information géographique</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="496410">
                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="496411">
                <text>ville mondiale</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="496412">
                <text>ville globale</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="496413">
                <text>géographie française</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="496414">
                <text>capitalisme</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="496415">
                <text>culture</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="496416">
                <text>A l'heure de la "deuxième" mondialisation, une ville mondiale est-elle forcément une ville globale?</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="496417">
                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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