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                <text>The aim of the present study is to evaluate the possible extent of modal shifts from car use to 'alternative modes' (public transport, cycling, walking) without any change in individual patterns of activity. Its approach is based on a transfer procedure that allows the simulation of the maximal potential market for transport modes other than the private car. The method is based on repeated iterations of a simulation model that assigns journeys to transport modes other than the automobile based on a number of improved public transport scenarios. Demand is channelled towards individual modes (walking, cycling), public transport, and a combination of individual and public modes, based on their relative time and distance performance. The modal transfer procedure is applied to several transport supply scenarios, which provide a picture of what is possible in the sphere of modal split. Each simulation entails a potential transfer of private vehicle-km to each of the other modes. Even where different public transport scenarios are simulated, the transfer is evaluated for round trips in both the Paris and Lyon surveys. There is therefore no modification in the activity pattern of the people surveyed nor trips induced by improvements in transport supply. The aim is not to predict what would be the modal split in other circumstances, but the upper limit of the shifts. This paper presents our methodology and the principal results obtained through numerical simulations based on figures for the Paris and Lyon conurbations. This approach demonstrates that a policy focused on modal shifts has the potential to reduce car use, but that this potential is limited. Any aspiration to reduce car use further would mean changes in the patterns and location of activity.</text>
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                <text>Potential for car use reduction through a simulation approach: Paris and Lyon case studies</text>
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                <text>Blès J.L., Goguel J., Lavenu Alain, Masure P. Néotectonique et séismicité du site de La Paz (Bolivie) : un exemple de failles récentes sans trace de séismicité historique ; conséquences pratiques pour le développement urbain. Bulletin du BRGM : Section IV, 1980, p. 109-117. </text>
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                <text>NEOTECTONIQUE</text>
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                <text>Néotectonique et séismicité du site de La Paz (Bolivie) : un exemple de failles récentes sans trace de séismicité historique ; conséquences pratiques pour le développement urbain</text>
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                <text>Matherat, Philippe</text>
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                <text>La perspective est-elle un mode de représentation de l'espace parmi d'autres possibles ou bien nous dit-elle une vérité sur l'espace réel ? La photographie nous donne-t-elle un accès direct au réel, ou bien est-elle empreinte de la subjectivité du photographe, voire d'une trahison due à l'appareil ? En quoi les mondes virtuels de la synthèse d'image diffèrent du monde réel ? Ces questions nous obligent à nous réinterroger sur la perception visuelle, sur l'origine de nos connaissances à propos de l'espace extérieur, sur la mesure, et sur les liens entre les fondements de la physique et le langage. La vision nous semble être à la fois une comparaison à des représentations et une intention créatrice qui demande une action motrice. Les représentations ne sont pas forcément situées, ni forcément immatérielles. Elles sont prises dans une boucle action/sensation dans laquelle intervient le langage et la culture. Nous ne sommes jamais dispensés d'avoir à imaginer la réalité, même si notre imagination doit être confrontée au réel.</text>
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                <text>Intellectica</text>
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                <text>Notre façon moderne de voir est conditionnée par la camera obscura — Réflexion sur les fondements logiques de la perception et de la mesure</text>
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                <text>Mathias, G.</text>
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  L'implantation géographique des structures d'activité des huissiers de justice induit-elle une différenciation des pratiques professionnelles ? En d'autres termes, huissiers des campagnes et huissiers des villes exercent-ils différemment ? À partir d'une analyse reposant sur une vaste enquête menée en France, réalisée dans le cadre de sa thèse et combinant plusieurs modes d'investigation empirique, l'auteur montre le rôle déterminant du contexte d'activité des huissiers dans le déroulement des tâches quotidiennes et des relations avec le débiteur, ainsi que sur le plan symbolique. Ce faisant, il met en exergue les modalités de différenciation de la compétence ? i.e. des savoirs pratiques ? et de l'identité sociale et professionnelle des huissiers de justice. La distinction entre huissier des villes et huissier des campagnes se fonde sur la diversité des conditions d'exercice et sur leurs représentations d'eux-mêmes et de leur profession.
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Mais Hergé ne retient rien du cosmopolitisme de Shanghai. Aucun bâtiment classique des rives du Huangpu — le fameux Bund, essentiellement construit par les britanniques —, aucun hôtel ou édifice caractéristique de la concession internationale n’est ici représenté. Aucun décor de la Shanghai des années trente ne subsiste dans l’illustration. L’atmosphère y est souvent nocturne, ce qui est un peu un paradoxe pour la "ligne claire". Des aplats de gris et halos de lumière, de la pluie, certains lieux sordides ou en transition…   &#13;
&#13;
Un texte argumentaire peut également être téléchargé au format pdf sur le site d'Urbain, trop urbain</text>
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                <text>Notre époque, qualifiée parfois de surmoderne, voit l’environnement urbain évoluer sous la pression de plusieurs facteurs. Parmi ceux-ci, le développement débridé des périphéries et l’expansion anarchique de l’univers médiatique, ont des conséquences sur le paysage. L’observateur contemporain peine souvent à reconnaître des perspectives citadines cohérentes. Néanmoins, l’arpenteur de l’agglomération parisienne qu’est Jacques Réda, maintient dans Le Citadin la tradition paysagère urbaine. Dans Zones et La Clôture, Rolin, pour sa part, peint l’effet déstructurant et confiscatoire qu’opère le monde médiatique sur cette même ville de Paris. Il tente ainsi de nous montrer plusieurs aspects de la surmodernité telle qu’elle peut être vécue. Il s’accommode pourtant de cette surmodernité en se l’appropriant en quelques occasions propices à l’émergence d’environnements proprement paysagers.  </text>
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                <text>In our era, sometimes referred to as postmodern, urban environments have been evolving under pressure from several factors. Among these, the unbridled development of suburban areas and the anarchic expansion of the media both affect landscapes. Present-day observers often find no consistency within urban landscapes. Nonetheless, Jacques Réda, who thouroughly knows the Paris agglomeration, maintains in his book Le Citadin the existence of an urban landscape tradition. In Zones et La Clôture, Rolin describes the disorderly and confiscatory effect of the media on this same city of Paris. He thus attempts to show several aspects of postmodernity as it can be lived. He nevertheless makes the best of this postmodernity by making it his own on those occasions favorable to the emergence of properly landscape environments. </text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="550840">
                <text>http://articulo.revues.org/1118</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="550841">
                <text>doi:10.4000/articulo.1118</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
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              <elementText elementTextId="550842">
                <text>fr</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="550843">
                <text>horizon</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550844">
                <text>landscape</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550845">
                <text>media</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550846">
                <text>non-place</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550847">
                <text>perception</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550848">
                <text>postmodernity</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550849">
                <text>publicity</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550850">
                <text>urban</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550851">
                <text>virtual</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550852">
                <text>horizon</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550853">
                <text>médias</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550854">
                <text>non-lieux</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550855">
                <text>paysage</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550856">
                <text>perception</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="550857">
                <text>publicité</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="550858">
                <text>surmodernité</text>
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                <text>urbain</text>
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                <text>virtuel</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="550861">
                <text>L’horizon urbain dans la littérature de la surmodernité. Retrouver le paysage</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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