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                <text>Dans cette communication, nous interrogeons la réalité du glissement de la "gestion" à une "gouvernance" des réseaux d'Alimentation en Eau Potable, en mesurant en particulier les effets de deux paramètres. Le premier paramètre concerne la délégation de service public de l'eau, spécificité française au sein de dispositifs européens globalement marqués par la primauté de gestion publique directe. Le deuxième paramètre, le cadre renouvelé des périmètres de l'intercommunalité généraliste, produit plus ou moins une refonte territoriale de l'intercommunalité des services d'eau selon les cas. Notre propos porte sur l'évolution d'ensemble des agglomérations françaises et argumente l'analyse à partir de deux exemples privilégiés, les agglomérations de Dijon et de Rennes.</text>
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                <text>Peut-on parler de gouvernance urbaine des réseaux ?</text>
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                <text>In an ongoing research project the design of acoustical atmospheres in large indoor spaces are investigated. The research question is : "How to redesign one sonic atmosphere into a variation of sub-atmospheres in large indoor spaces ?" This question is especially valid for spaces such as semi-public commercial spaces (e.g. shopping malls), libraries, airports and communication spaces. The sonic atmosphere in these collective spaces is often loud, blurred and confusing, with little correspondence between visual and aural perception, and with weak articulations of spatial dimension, distance, borders and orientation. Together the different sound sources within these spaces generate a sonic hubbub. Even though such spaces comprise of several types of activities, the sonic atmosphere is the same all over the place. Hence, this research project focuses on design of sonic variations of the atmosphere; i.e., site specific sounds that deal with qualities such as communication, comfort, orientation, identity and privacy. The objective is to develop and test an interdisciplinary design methodology, which comprises a number of co-related methods ; e.g. acoustic measurements, architectural site analysis, as well as virtual modeling and representation (visual and acoustic) of the space. The main part of the project is the virtual modeling and representation. It connects software that handles architectural 3D-modelling (SketchUp) with the Catt-Acoustic software, used for prediction and auralization. The research project also includes a case-study, which comprises proposals for redesign of a congress centre (Scandic Infra City), situated north of Stockholm. The proposals - consisting of architectural elements, sound installations (additions of sounds) as well as acoustical measures - will be demonstrated in a virtual model. The presumed effect is a differentiation in terms of a variety of sonic sub-atmospheres within the congress centre. The methodology developed in the project is intended to function as a tool for design measures of large indoor spaces. It is an interdisciplinary tool in that it supports acousticians as well as architects. The case-study may serve as a pilot model for future applications of redesign of the sonic atmosphere in large indoor spaces. This paper is a result of a research project, executed by the acoustic consultancy company ÅF-Ingemansson and the University College of Arts, Crafts and Design (Konstfack), Stockholm. The project has funding from the White's Foundation for research and ARKUS, a Swedish foundation for the improvement of qualifications within architecture.</text>
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                <text>Creating an atmosphere|Faire une ambiance</text>
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                <text>1st International Congress on Ambiances, Grenoble 2008</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management</text>
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                <text>Repenser le design d'une ambiance - Que voulez-vous écouter ?</text>
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés, n104, 1, 2001-03-01, pp.43-62</text>
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                <text>Entre quartiers et nations: quelle intégration des politiques territoriales de lutte contre les ségrégations socio-spatiales en Europe</text>
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                <text>Situated at the intersection of economic restructuring and crime control, this thesis explores the practices and policies of economic regeneration, community safety and policing in the city of Glasgow. In particular old-industrial cities and regions have felt the pressures to ‘revitalise’ and regenerate their failing economic base, as well as to change the modalities of governance, and subsequently embarked upon local economic development and attracting growth industries. Examining the interest in quality-of-life offences within such regeneration agendas, my thesis explores the importance of crime control, policing and community safety in a series of empirical ‘cuts’ through the subject, starting with wider issues of crime control, imagineering and city centre upgrading. Practices of regulating city spaces are carried out in distinctive fields of community safety policies, the policing of homeless people and street prostitutes, and also include the regulating of businesses in the wake of economic regeneration. Furthermore, a city centre warden project, the City Centre Representatives, is studied in detail in relation to their work remit, encompassing a tourist service as well as a range of ordering tasks in the newly regenerated spaces of the city centre. Explicitly framing these substantive debates in a theoretical context, the first part of the thesis engages in questions of social ontology, working towards a research perspective of a reworked critical Marxism. Such critical Marxism is arrived at by discussion of current approaches, both in policy and academy, of how to account for processes of economic restructuring and crime control in late-capitalist societies. While maintaining concepts of a(n), although fragmented, social totality, held together in dialectical processes, social praxis as mediation between social totality and agency becomes the central hinge for researching such ontology. As embodied, routine and partially reflected upon social practices that centre on people’s work practices, such social praxis is subsequently spatialised by drawing on Lefèbvre’s work on the production of social space and employed in a detailed empirical study. In so doing, this thesis puts forwards a proposal of how a reworked critical Marxism can fruitfully engage with current theoretical debates within geography and he social sciences more widely without neglecting the importance of in-depth empirical research to develop and strengthen any theoretical engagement.</text>
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                <text>economic restructuring, crime control, regeneration, community safety, policing, Glasgow, city centre, urban space, critical Marxism</text>
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                <text>Towards safe city centres? Remaking the spaces of an old-industrial city</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;sentation :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;L&amp;rsquo;ouvrage Beyrouth, une ville d&amp;rsquo;Orient marqu&amp;eacute;e par l&amp;rsquo;Occident, de Helmut Ruppert, est singulier &amp;agrave; plus d&amp;rsquo;un titre. Il s&amp;rsquo;agit de la th&amp;egrave;se de doctorat de l&amp;rsquo;auteur, soutenue en 1968 et publi&amp;eacute;e par la soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; franconienne de g&amp;eacute;ographie &amp;agrave; Erlangen en 1969.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Une branche de la g&amp;eacute;ographie allemande, autour de Eugen Wirth, &amp;eacute;tait alors tr&amp;egrave;s active au Moyen-Orient et plusieurs travaux port&amp;egrave;rent sur les villes de la r&amp;eacute;gion, dont celui de Klaus Dettman sur Damas, auquel il est fait allusion dans le texte traduit ici.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Cet int&amp;eacute;r&amp;ecirc;t de la g&amp;eacute;ographie allemande pour la r&amp;eacute;gion s&amp;rsquo;est d&amp;rsquo;ailleurs longtemps poursuivi, comme en t&amp;eacute;moignent les travaux monumentaux de l&amp;rsquo;atlas du Moyen-Orient men&amp;eacute;s &amp;agrave; T&amp;uuml;bingen ou, plus r&amp;eacute;cemment, le travail de Eugen Wirth et Horst Kopp sur Sanaa.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Dans cet ensemble, la singularit&amp;eacute; d&amp;rsquo;Helmut Ruppert est double. Tout d&amp;rsquo;abord, une fois son ouvrage sur Beyrouth achev&amp;eacute;, Helmut Ruppert, qui occupe aujourd&amp;rsquo;hui de hautes fonctions &amp;agrave; l&amp;rsquo;universit&amp;eacute; de Bayreuth en Allemagne, n&amp;rsquo;a plus rien &amp;eacute;crit sur le Liban, tout en poursuivant une activit&amp;eacute; scientifique sur certains pays du Moyen-Orient.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Or son livre, et c&amp;rsquo;est la seconde singularit&amp;eacute;, &amp;eacute;tait en 1969 une des premi&amp;egrave;res tentatives d&amp;rsquo;&amp;eacute;tude g&amp;eacute;ographique globale de la ville de Beyrouth, apr&amp;egrave;s l&amp;rsquo;ouvrage pionnier de Chehab ed-Dine &amp;eacute;crit en 1953 et remani&amp;eacute; pour la publication en 1960.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Toutefois, sa r&amp;eacute;daction en allemand a eu pour effet d&amp;rsquo;emp&amp;ecirc;cher sa reconnaissance. Il en existe certes une traduction en arabe, gr&amp;acirc;ce au travail d&amp;rsquo;un &amp;eacute;tudiant de l&amp;rsquo;universit&amp;eacute; libanaise.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Travail qui n&amp;rsquo;a jamais &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; publi&amp;eacute; et qui est au demeurant incomplet, car l&amp;rsquo;illustration cartographique du livre, qui en constitue pourtant une des richesses, n&amp;rsquo;a pas &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; reproduite. A quelques exceptions pr&amp;egrave;s, Beyrouth, une ville d&amp;rsquo;Orient marqu&amp;eacute;e par l&amp;rsquo;Occident a donc &amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; largement ignor&amp;eacute; par la suite et n&amp;rsquo;est que rarement cit&amp;eacute; dans la litt&amp;eacute;rature scientifique.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/3814</text>
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                <text>Since 1970, oil has given the Arab Gulf cities the opportunity to break regional and international records in urban development and economic growth, experiencing dramatic changes in the political, economic and socio-cultural domains, and especially in architecture and urbanism. The development of oil urbanization was shaped by the different practices of “Urban Branding” and city marketing processes. More important, "Urban branding" presents the duality of the emerging cityscape, in which the “perceived images” of the city as a tangible experience of the “urban landscape” interacts with the “brand image” of the city created by the media generated image or “urban Mediascape”, establishing new approaches and directions for research and interpretation.

The research is concerned with three main enquiries: 1.To what extent can the creation of a successful image make changes in the urban landscape? 2.What are the opportunities offered by urban branding to guide or to control the appearance of the conventional typical elements of the city image over the special identity of the cities? 3.How have cities succeeded (or not) in their urban branding processes and why?
The research aims at examining whether a balance between the presentation of the identity of places and the urban development of the Gulf cities can be achieved. Also, it aims to establish a planning framework that incorporates the practice of urban branding in the design and planning of cities.

The research is based on a “thematic” approach combining empirical descriptive approach and comparative analysis method in analyzing and assessing selected examples and the interpretation of case studies.

The research focuses on the investigation of selected case studies for Arab Gulf cities – Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Doha, Qatar; Kuwait City, Kuwait; and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia - that may have succeeded (or not) in creating an image of the emerging city that has become nationally or internationally recognized. The analysis is based on selected themes, in which the most related illustrative analysis techniques are extensively used.

Following the investigation of the case studies, a comparative analysis for the case studies systematically scrutinizes and evaluates the elements that characterized the process by which imaging processes, both visual and brand images, affecting the Gulf city form. The objective is to identify the common elements between the presented case studies in order to synthesis the major characteristics of the phenomenon of the Gulf city imaging. The findings of the comparative analysis highlight the relationships between branding and city form, including the impact of branding on the development of the city image.

The suggested conceptual approach is based on incorporating the practice of urban branding in the design and development processes of the Gulf cities. The approach is based on the argument that city images are deemed to be those elements used to represent a city as a whole and its associated meanings. Hence, the suggested approach is conceived in terms of a triad, consisting of three major components: the city identity, the visual image, and the branding image. Each of these components encompasses other smaller components integral to the building of the approach itself. Consequently, the three components address ways in which city image(s) can be integrated and how the desired integration would meet the capacity of planning the city image.

There are different urban branding strategies that could be developed based on diverse city development objectives and visions, such as large scale urban projects, signed architecture, events, media, etc. The study focuses on strategies that tend to combine tangible aspects of the Gulf cities – their built environment, urban culture, heritage, infrastructure, etc. – and a number of intangible aspects – their slogan, their identity, etc. The study focuses on thee main areas: branding location strategies including natural settings, flagship projects, and landmark buildings, branding through city life, festivals and special events and branding through Mediascape, (advertising, publications, slogans, logos, etc.).

The guidelines and recommendations are arranged according to their context, current issues, planning objectives and suggested specific exemplary actions. Suggested planning guidelines deal with the following areas of action: skyline, public space, architecture, heritage, public art, and recommendations for the media generated images: festivals and events, logos, slogans and cities’ websites. Illustrative examples from both international and regional successful experience are used in a joint concern of city planning and city branding.</text>
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                <text>city branding, urban branding, urban landscape, urban planning, urban development, identity, image, Arab city</text>
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                <text>Urban branding strategies and the emerging Arab cityscape : The image of the Gulf city</text>
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                  <text>La Revue électronique européenne de géographie Cybergeo est conçue pour permettre une communication plus rapide de la recherche et pour promouvoir une discussion plus directe entre auteurs et lecteurs. Dans le but d'élargir l'échange des idées, des méthodes et des résultats, elle publie dans les principales langues européennes. Elle est ouverte largement sur la géographie, sans parti pris d'école ni de thématique. Elle garantit un bon niveau scientifique des articles en les soumettant à un comité de lecture international. Elle permet aussi la libre expression en s'accompagnant de forums de discussion et de listes de diffusion. Elle offre un accès facile aux articles grâce à un système de rubriques et de recherche par mots-clés. Tant que cela sera possible, elle est d'accès libre et gratuit.</text>
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                <text>A Simple Model of Working Time as a Taktgeber  Even the everyday talking on cities has time connotations. We speak of a metropolis, a harbour city, a commercial city, a university town, an industrial town and the like. All these descriptions indicate different urban rhythms. The most important taktgeber for the rhythm of cities are the primary functions. In effect the working times are the main taktgeber. A simple model of different working time arrangements shows this in a nutshell.  To illu...</text>
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                <text>POUVOIR LOCAL</text>
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                <text>PRATIQUE SOCIALE</text>
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                <text>MILIEU URBAIN</text>
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                <text>AMENAGEMENT URBAIN</text>
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                <text>STRATIFICATION SOCIALE</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Ruses, tactiques, stratégies et régulation au coeur des pouvoirs locaux en Inde</text>
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                <text>Les pouvoirs locaux</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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                <text>61-66</text>
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                <text>Henri Nicolaï</text>
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                <text>Demographic transition and mobility of the population in Tropical Africa.
The questions of population play an important part in the process of development of the Third World. With the example of Tropical Africa and two themes, Henri Nicolai points out the complexity of the problems. Tropical Africa is engaged in a process of accelerated demographic growth: Why is this growth accepted and even desired? Can one properly ask whether the demographic transition theory is applicable to Tropical Africa? There, the mobility of the population is considerable and traditional. The author underscores the plurality of the types of migration and their importance in the process of demographic decompression by insisting on three types: rural exodus and urban immigration, pioneer migrations, and «rural-rural» migration in coastal regions.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="374931">
                <text>Les questions de population jouent un rôle important dans le processus de développement du Tiers-Monde. À partir de l'exemple de l'Afrique tropicale et de deux thèmes, Henri Nicolai souligne la complexité des problèmes. L'Afrique tropicale est engagée dans un processus de croissance démographique accélérée : pourquoi cette croissance est-elle acceptée et même souhaitée ? Peut-on légitimement se demander si la théorie de transition démographique est applicable à l'Afrique tropicale ? La mobilité de la population y est considérable et traditionnelle. L'auteur souligne la pluralité des types de migrations et leur importance dans les processus de décompression démographique en insistant sur trois types : exode rural et immigration urbaine, migrations pionnières, migrations « rural-rural » des régions côtières.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="374932">
                <text>Nicolaï Henri. Transition démographique et mobilité de la population en Afrique tropicale. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1983-1. Objectifs et champs d'étude. pp. 61-66.</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_1983_num_1_1_904</text>
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                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.1983.904</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="374935">
                <text>fre</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="374936">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="374937">
                <text>growth model ; migrations ; Tropical Africa ; Demographic transition</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="374938">
                <text>Afrique tropicale ; transition démographique ; modèle de croissance ; migrations</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="374939">
                <text>Transition démographique et mobilité de la population en Afrique tropicale</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="374940">
                <text>article</text>
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          </element>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644244">
                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644245">
                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>PERSEE</text>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="383142">
                <text>19-24</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="383143">
                <text>Henri Picheral</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="383144">
                <text>1995</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="383145">
                <text>Les relations entre le lieu, l'espace et la santé demeurent ambigus du fait de conceptions disciplinaires différentes. D'abord du fait d'une confusion fréquente entre géographie et cartographie, et d'une définition encore mal cernée de l'environnement. La mesure de l'état de santé se fait par ailleurs le plus souvent à partir de données biomédicales et selon des méthodes biostatistiques. L'espace, le lieu sont alors compris comme de simples supports, indifférenciés, stables et immuables, sans référence à leur organisation et leur usage. On maintient enfin une frontière artificielle entre géographie des maladies et géographie du système de soins. Dès lors les géographes doivent rester géographes et intégrer les faits de santé dans leur analyse de l'espace à plusieurs échelles.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="383146">
                <text>Place, Space and Healt.

The relation between place, space and health remains in ambiguity as a result of different disciplinary ideas. First because of a frequent mistake between geography and cartography and of a confuse definition of environment. Furthermore the evaluation of health levels is made generally from biomédical data and according to biostatistical methods. So place and space are understood as a mere support, a plane, homogeneous and underchanging surface without references to their organization and their use. And finally an artificial separation is preserved between the geography of diseases and the geography of health services. Consequently geographers have to remain geographers ! They have to integrate and incorporate health data in their own spatial analysis by different scales.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="383147">
                <text>Picheral Henri. Le lieu, l'espace et la santé.. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1995-1. La géographie de la santé en question. pp. 19-24.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="383148">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_1995_num_13_1_1666</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="383149">
                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.1995.1666</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="383150">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="383151">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="383152">
                <text>Development ; Health ; Epistemology ; Geography ; Epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Environment ; Scale ; Health System</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="383153">
                <text>Echelle ; Environnement ; Risque ; Epidémiologie ; Santé ; Géographie ; Système de soins ; Développement ; Epistémologie ; Milieu</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="383154">
                <text>Le lieu, l'espace et la santé.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="383155">
                <text>article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="22190" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="33">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644244">
                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644245">
                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644246">
                  <text>PERSEE</text>
                </elementText>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="375754">
                <text>215-223</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="375755">
                <text>Christine Wattelar</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="375756">
                <text>Henriette Damas</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="375757">
                <text>1989</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="375758">
                <text>Regional analysis of Belgian fertility (1961-1981). 

Within a generation's span, fertility has declined in Belgium, like in other industrialized countries, to the point that the renewal of the population is not ensured any longer. Regional differences, still very important in 1961, are now diminishing, but the age patterns of fertility have retained some urban or rural characteristics. A comparative analysis of the intensity and tempo of regional fertility has been carried out, based on the age-specific fertility rates of the 43 Belgian "arrondissements", computed at the time of the last censuses (1961, 1970 and 1981) and condensed into three classical parameters: average number of children per woman, mean age at childbearing, and the variance of the latter. The results are mapped using a single scale over the period.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="375759">
                <text>En l'intervalle d'une génération, la fécondité a baissé en Belgique, comme dans les autres pays industrialisés, au point de ne plus assurer le remplacement de la population. Les différences régionales, encore très marquées en 1961, s'estompent actuellement, mais le profil de la fécondité par âge garde des signes caractéristiques de l'environnement (urbain ou rural). L'analyse comparée de l'intensité et du calendrier de la fécondité régionale a été menée à partir des taux par âge calculés dans les 43 arrondissements belges autour des derniers recensements (1961, 1970 et 1981). Ces profils ont été résumés par trois paramètres classiques : le nombre moyen d'enfants par femme, l'âge moyen à la maternité et la variance de cet âge moyen. La cartographie a été élaborée sur la base d'une légendre unique au travers du temps.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="375760">
                <text>Damas Henriette, Wattelar Christine. Analyse régionale de la fécondité en Belgique (1961-1981). In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1989-2. Aspects de la fécondité dans les pays industrialisés - About fertility in industrialized countries. pp. 215-223.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="375761">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_1989_num_7_2_1321</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="375762">
                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.1989.1321</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="375763">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="375764">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="375765">
                <text>Fertility ; Total fertility rate ; Mean age at childbearing ; Variance ; Replacement of generations ; Regional comparisons.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="375766">
                <text>Age moyen à la maternité ; Variance de l'âge moyen ; Remplacement des générations ; Comparaison régionale. ; Fécondité ; Indice conjoncturel de fécondité</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="375767">
                <text>Analyse régionale de la fécondité en Belgique (1961-1981)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Archives ouvertes des études urbaines</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of HAL papers</text>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>HAL</text>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509290">
                <text>London</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="509291">
                <text>United Kingdom</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="509292">
                <text>Henriot, Christian</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="509293">
                <text>2004</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="509294">
                <text>xxx</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>London labour and the London poor (Vol. 2)</text>
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                <text>London, Londres, pauvreté, travail, société urbaine, nineteenth century, dix-neuvième siècle, Mayhew Henry, rue, sans-domicile</text>
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                <text>Henry Mayhew </text>
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                <text>Charles Griffin and Company </text>
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                <text>http://books.google.com/books?id=L4kIAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PP9#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false</text>
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                <text>Extract from the Preface to Volume One :  &amp;nbsp; The present volume is the first of an intended series, which it is hoped will form, when complete, a cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis.  Henry Mayhew (1812 - 1887) was an English social researcher, journalist and playwright. &amp;nbsp; See also Vol. 1, Vol. 3 and the Extra Volume. &amp;nbsp; </text>
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                <text>Ouvrage</text>
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