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                <text>De nombreux travaux en économie industrielle ou régionale, en géographie économique ou encore en sociologie industrielle, mettent en évidence l'existence d'effets de proximité spatiale dans les relations entre entreprises ou entre entreprises et organisations scientifiques, en particulier en ce qui concerne les échanges de savoirs techniques : toutes choses égales par ailleurs, les relations sont plus nombreuses et intenses au sein d'espaces infra-nationaux de l'ordre des bassins d'emploi, des agglomérations urbaines et/ou de régions ou états (dans le cas des Etats-Unis). Les explications avancées pour rendre compte de ces effets de proximité spatiale tendent le plus souvent à s'enfermer dans la seule dimension économique ou technologique : nécessité d'échanges en face à face pour s'approprier des savoirs tacites ; construction par interaction de savoirs communs ; etc. Or, ces explications ne rendent pas compte des logiques de mise en contact des organisations et de la construction même des relations. Ce texte propose une approche sociologique du problème, centrée sur les réseaux personnels dans lesquels les relations entre organisations sont encastrées. Ces réseaux se construisent et se déploient autant dans la vie professionnelle que dans d'autres contextes, ce qui conduit à inscrire au moins partiellement le problème dans un cadre plus général et à faire appel aux acquis de la sociologie urbaine en ce qui concerne les relations sociales en milieu urbain.</text>
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                <text>Les effets de proximité spatiale dans les relations entre organisations : une question d'encastrements.</text>
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                <text>Grenoble et Toulouse sont les deux villes française de province où les relations entre la recherche académique et l'industrie sont les plus importantes. Ces deux systèmes urbains d'innovation ont une histoire à la fois similaire sur le plan scientifique et très différente sur le plan industriel. Les logiques industrielles à Grenoble et politiques à Toulouse ont produit à l'origine une bifurcation semblable dans un moment de réorganisation du système scientifique français. Par la suite, alors que Grenoble connaissait un développement industriel spontané, Toulouse bénéficiait d'une suite de politiques nationales et locales aboutissant à la construction du système d'innovation actuel.</text>
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                <text>Réalités industrielles. Annales des mines</text>
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                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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                <text>Sociologie</text>
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                <text>systèmes urbains</text>
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                <text>Genèse de deux systèmes urbains d'innovation en France : Grenoble et Toulouse</text>
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                  <text>Crévilles</text>
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                <text>Lambooy, J. G. Promotor</text>
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                <text>In a globalizing world, with borders becoming blurred and international competition increasing, cities need to be constantly aware of their own international competitive position. Whereas enterprises can strengthen their position through takeovers, mergers, or joint ventures, cities cannot. Cities can only try to make the most of their competitive advantages. A city with international ambitions has to be able to face the challenge of international competition, and therefore must have insight into its international profile. Which local factors make cities important, prominent, trend-setting, leading? For the national level, Michael Porter paved the way with his standard work The Competitive Advantages of Nations (1990), in which he introduced his famous ‘national diamond.’ Surprisingly, though, no such substantial research exists on cities, let alone that a ‘city diamond’ has been developed. To address these issues, the perceptions of ‘citymakers’ – the companies and institutions which contribute to the international profile of a city – were collected during the period 1998–2001. Based on the responses from more than 1300 of these ‘citymakers’ from 80 cities around the world, a ‘city diamond’ has been designed. The data from the study have also been used to rank cities according to the esteem in which they are held in the world: as a whole (integral perception) and also on the basis of ten different functions (functional perception) – Performing Arts (Symphony Music, Opera, Ballet), Academia, Corporate Services, Real Estate &amp; Architecture, Museums, International Organizations, Hospitality (hotels, congresses, tourism), International Trade &amp; Transport, Media, and Multinationals &amp; Finance. Finally, the data have been used to portray the competitive profiles of the 32 most important cities. </text>
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                <text>http://dare.uva.nl/record/106643</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/917</text>
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                <text>economics, ranking, urban culture, world city, image</text>
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                <text>The leading cities of the world and their competitive advantages. The perception of 'citymakers'</text>
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                <text>Groussard, David</text>
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                <text>Cette étude se propose de revenir sur la gestion urbaine de l'eau aux dix-septième et dix-huitième siècles, c'est-à-dire au moment où se développe une perception suspicieuse du milieu humide. Portée par les enjeux contemporains, l'approche historiographique de l'eau évolue depuis près de trente ans. Aujourd'hui, l'eau est devenue un sujet d'étude à part entière. Le contexte de la Bretagne n'est pas neutre ; ses caractéristiques environnementales, institutionnelles et culturelles jouent un rôle dans l'élaboration des ouvrages hydrauliques. La situation évolue au cours des deux siècles. Les enjeux locaux sont marqués par la municipalisation des équipements hydrauliques et l'installation de l'intendance comme tuteur des affaires urbaines. Dans son sillage, la mission de conception passe d'une responsabilité d'artisan à une mission d'ingénieur. Cette translation de l'origine professionnelle du concepteur a des répercussions sur l'organisation du chantier et la morphologie des équipements. Cette redéfinition des tâches administratives et techniques influencent la fonctionnalité des ouvrages</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00505459</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/66/19/PDF/TheseGroussardV2.pdf</text>
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                <text>Université Rennes 2</text>
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                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
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                <text>La gestion de l'eau dans les villes bretonnes aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles</text>
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                <text>'London Labour and the London Poor' (1861-62) is one of England's most remarkable nineteenth-century urban documents. Henry Mayhew, journalist, playwright and novelist, poured the best of his life's work into 'London Labour', and the earlier 'Morning Chronicle' newspaper articles (1849-51) on which it was largely based. 'London Labour' encapsulates his mature thought and energy, and public attention, and at its most concentrated, it encapsulates a single intellectual pattern, the examination of Victorian London's labouring poor seen through the communication and cultural prism of vernacular languages. And yet 'London Labour' remains strangely unrecognized even though there is a substantial body of scholarship focused on Mayhew's work, which I have examined. The challenge is to establish once again the theoretical power of Mayhew's vision of a Victorian society focused on urban relationships in the city. 'Reading Victorian London: Henry Mayhew' (1812-1887) and 'London Labour and the London Poor' (1861-62) considers how Victorian London was shaped; London's spatial organization within the limitations imposed by these structural determinations; and the patterning of group and class formations within this spatial domain. The communication issues of language--the increasingly secondary roles of the vernacular, the rise of modern reading communities, and the destruction or censorship of certain genres--are also examined. The pivotal issues of folk culture, the labouring poor described as wandering tribes in the midst of Victorian civilization, are also examined as well as the significance of nineteenth-century travel literature for understanding these important issues.

Lastly, the literary issues surrounding 'London Labour' itself are also examined through the Menippean satire, which accounts for Mayhew's perplexing and sometimes violent juxtapositions of topics, genres, and attitudes. For Mayhew combined his philosophical and practical inquiries into the study of the street-folk's life, their entertainment, humour, and vernacular languages, Victorian socio-cultural history, adventure stories and travel literature, are combined in one literary genre, called the Menippean satire. I conclude that there is the need for a more adequate theory of modern cities such as Victorian London, its history and cultures, which could be widened if scholars and journalists seriously included Mayhew's 'London Labour and the London Poor' in their discussions.</text>
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                <text>work, poverty, London Labour and the London Poor, literature, street, homeless, urban society, Mayhew Henry</text>
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  La publication de l'Histoire de l'urbanisme étalée tout au long du xxe siècle d'une part, la relation que Pierre Lavedan a pu établir avec les urbanistes praticiens d'autre part, offrent un terrain exceptionnel pour repérer les différentes postures qu'un historien a pu occuper à l'égard de l'aménagement. Des années 1920 aux années 1950, la vision du rapport que l'historien entretient avec l'architecte urbaniste ou l'urbaniste s'est renversée. Alors que le premier Lavedan se positionne comme un admirateur de l'artiste, chargé de la récolte et de l'évaluation des formes, des styles et du patrimoine, le second fait apparaître la figure d'un donneur d'ordres à l'égard duquel les architectes deviennent des « exécutants ». Inscrites en filigrane dans ce discours d'historien, des visions devenues obsolètes de l'urbanisme ont pu gêner l'appropriation du travail de Lavedan, par les historiens de la ville qui ont commencé à publier dans les années 1970.
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                <text> histoire de l'art</text>
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                <text>L'historien Pierre Lavedan et les transformations de l'urbanisme en France (1919-1955)</text>
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                <text>Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, la destruction dramatique des villes belges incite des intellectuels belges à questionner la nature de la vitalité urbaine. Dans cet article nous cherchons à montrer comment ce questionnement intellectuel va conduire à la construction épistémologique de la discipline de l’urbanisme.Dans une deuxième partie, nous découvrons que cette construction disciplinaire va être soumise à un bouleversement conceptuel qui résulte du processus d’industrialisation et d’urbanisation des villes belges dans les années vingt. L’article analyse les moyens méthodologiques que les urbanistes belges vont mettre en place pour tenter de comprendre et de déterminer l’épistème de l’agglomération industrielle.A travers cette étude historique, nous voulons montrer l’originalité et la cohérence de la construction intellectuelle initiée par les membres de la Société des Urbanistes Belges et prolongée par ceux de la section belge des Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne. Réévaluer ces sources épistémologiques de l’urbanisme nous semble tout particulièrement pertinent pour aborder les questions environnementales et urbaines contemporaines. </text>
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                <text>During the first World War, the dramatic destruction of Belgian cities encouraged intellectuals to question the nature of urban vitality. This paper aims to depict how this intellectual quest has led to the epistemological construction of the discipline of urbanism.In a second part, the essay researches how this theoretical process undergoes a conceptual upheaval that result from the industrialization and urbanization of Belgian cities in the 1920s. The paper analyzes the methodology and tools drawn together by Belgian urbanists in order to define the concept of the industrial agglomeration.Through this historical study, the paper exemplifies the originality and coherence of the theoretical background of Belgian urbanism initiated by the members of the Society of Belgian Urbanists (SUB) and the Belgian Section of the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM). To reassess this epistemological construction of urbanism seems specifically relevant in the approach to contemporary environmental and urban problems.  </text>
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                <text>GIS Réseau Amérique latine. Actes du 1er Congrès du GIS Amérique latine : Discours et&lt;br /&gt;pratiques de pouvoir en Amérique latine, de la période précolombienne à nos jours, 3-4&lt;br /&gt;novembre 2005, Université de La Rochelle</text>
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                <text>[SHS:HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History</text>
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                <text>Culture Civilisation</text>
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                <text>Aux origines de Puebla de Los Angeles (1531-1534)</text>
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