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                <text>Godard X. Quel modèle de transports collectifs pour les villes africaines ? (cas de Brazzaville et Kinshasa). Politique Africaine, 1985, p. 41-57. </text>
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                <text>Quel modèle de transports collectifs pour les villes africaines ? (cas de Brazzaville et Kinshasa)</text>
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                <text>Les politiques urbaines</text>
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                <text>L'amplification du phénomène d'urbanisation en Afrique a entraîné la croissance des besoins de transports, tandis que l'offre de transport connaissait une crise grave, liée à la crise économique, d'ou un développement du secteur artisanal, qui n'a cependant pas réussi à faire face à ces besoins de déplacement. C'est pourquoi le séminaire SITRASS 2 a été organisé autour de deux grands thèmes: la complémentarité entreprise-artisanat et les systèmes d'information, relatifs à ce domaine encore indisponibles ou inexistants, tout en ajoutant une exploration, encore timide, de l'influence potentielle des collectivités locales dans ces politiques de transport urbain.</text>
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                <text>L'organisation des transports urbains. Les acteurs, les méthodes. Actes du séminaire SITRASS 2, 13-17 janvier 1992, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)</text>
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                <text>Une première enquête, menée sur 4 communes périurbaines de Seine-et-Marne concernant les relations des habitants à la biodiversité, soulignait l’importance des espaces de proximité dans le lien qui unit les habitants à la biodiversité. Cette même enquête mettait en évidence les différenciations sociospatiales (Catégories Socio-Professionnelles, niveau de diplôme, type d’habitat…) qui existent dans le rapport à la biodiversité. Le présent article s’interroge, à la suite de ce premier travail (Simon et al, 2012), sur le rôle que peuvent jouer les trames vertes urbaines dans la connexion des habitants à la diversité du vivant : espaces intra-urbains, les trames vertes sont-elles les lieux d’une relation particulière des habitants à la biodiversité et si oui à quelle biodiversité ? Espaces de fréquentation locale dominante, la trame verte permet-elle de connecter à la biodiversité des populations autrement sans lien avec la « nature » ? </text>
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                <text>Biodiversity, inhabitants and urban green infrastructures : the Val Maubuée case study (Seine-et-Marne, France). A first survey leaded in fourth suburban townships of the Department of Seine-et-Marne (France) concerning the associations between inhabitants and biodiversity underlined the importance of spatial proximity for connecting people to biodiversity. The same survey put emphasis on the social and spatial differences concerning this relationship. Consequently, this article questions the role that urban green infrastructures can play by connecting people to biodiversity : are urban greenways places of a particular relationship between inhabitants and biodiversity ? If so, to what kind of biodiversity ? As a space more frequently used by local people, do the urban green infrastructure be a innovative way of connecting to biodiversity the groups who have very few links with “nature” ? </text>
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                <text>Quelle biodiversité pour quels habitants dans la trame verte urbaine ? L’exemple du Val Maubuée (Seine-et-Marne, France)</text>
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                <text>L'accession à la propriété nécessite une accumulation préalable de capital. On peut penser que le proﬁl de consommation au cours du cycle de vie inﬂuence les capacités d'épargne du ménage et ainsi s'interroger sur le rôle des statuts résidentiels passés sur l'accession à la propriété. Or, les études s'intéressant à l'impact des statuts résidentiels passés sur l'accession à la propriété sont rares. Dans le cas français, cette question est particulièrement fondée étant donné le poids important du logement social. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser les effets d'un séjour dans le parc de logements Hlm sur la dynamique d'accession à la propriété. Pour contrôler la sélection des ménages au sein du parc Hlm, nous proposons l'estimation d'un modèle en deux étapes, dans lequel nous calculons les probabilités prédites d'avoir un séjour en logement Hlm et intégrons ensuite ces probabilités dans un modèle d'âge d'accession à la propriété. La probabilité d'avoir eu un séjour en logement Hlm est instrumentée par une variable représentative de l'état du marché du logement au niveau de l'aire urbaine. Les estimations sont basées sur une base de données originale, constituée par l'empilement des trois dernières enquêtes Logement et la déﬁnition de quatre cohortes d'individus, qui nous permettent d'observer un échantillon représentatif des transitions sur le marché du logement de chacune des cohortes au cours des 24 dernières années. Les résultats de l'estimation du modèle de durée avec correction de l'endogénéité du séjour en Hlm mettent en évidence l'accélération de l'accession permise par l'occupation d'un logement Hlm. Ce résultat met en évidence l'existence d'une articulation entre la politique d'offre de logement social et la politique d'aide à l'accession à la propriété. A l'encontre des images négatives souvent associées au logement social, qui constituerait une trappe à pauvreté, cette analyse permet de montrer un réel effet favorable du logement Hlm sur les transitions résidentielles ultérieures. Ces résultats confortent ceux obtenus pas LeBlanc et al. (1999) et Laferrère et LeBlanc (2006) et les complètent en suggérant que le gain sur la dépense de logement permis par l'occupation d'un logement Hlm est, au moins pour partie, utilisé pour la constitution d'un apport personnel permettant l'accès à la propriété.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/63/37/89/PDF/1021.pdf</text>
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                <text>logement social</text>
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                <text>accession à la propriété</text>
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                <text>Logement social et accession à la propriété</text>
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                <text>Goffette-Nagot, Florence</text>
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                <text>Schaeffer, Yves</text>
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                <text>This paper focuses on residential sorting by social and ethnic status in large French urban areas. Our objective is to assess the relative importance of two major determinants of segregation stressed by the economic literature (Bartolome and Ross, 2003 ; Brueckner et al., 1999) : (i) "Alonso sorting over space", due to the trade-off between land consumption and accessibility to the central city and (ii) "Tiebout sorting over jurisdictions", due to the taste for local public goods and by extension for all kinds of local public amenities (e.g. neighborhood externalities). Our methodology draws on Schmidheiny (2006). First, a conditional logit model is estimated for each urban area, in which moving households are assumed to sort based on jurisdiction distance to the central city and jurisdiction mean of households' incomes (as a proxy for the level of public amenities). Second, our estimation results are used to simulate the counterfactual residential patterns that would prevail if, alternatively, one or the other of these mechanisms were inactive (setting the coefficients of the corresponding variables to zero). The contribution of each mechanism to the observed social and ethnic segregation is finally appreciated by comparing the values of dissimilarity indexes computed on the basis of the counterfactual households distributions and on the observed households distribution. "Tiebout-sorting" emerges as the primary cause of social segregation among wage-earning households. On the contrary, "Alonso-sorting" appears to be the main driver of segregation between economically active and inactive households, as well as between Frenchcitizen and Foreign-citizen households.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00581139</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/58/11/39/PDF/1112.pdf</text>
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                <text>ENG</text>
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                <text>[SHS:ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economy and finances</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="498692">
                <text>Income segregation</text>
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                <text>Ethnic segregation</text>
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                <text>Suburbanization</text>
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                <text>Local amenities</text>
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                <text>Migrations</text>
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                <text>Conditional logit</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="498698">
                <text>French urban areas</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Income Segregation and Suburbanization in France : a discrete choice approach</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Goffette-Nagot, Florence</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2009</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Ce travail documente l'augmentation des prix des terrains à bâtir en France sur une période de vingt-cinq ans. Nous estimons sur un échantillon national une fonction de prix foncier tenant compte de la croissance urbaine. Nous considérons une relation concave entre le prix des terrains et leur superﬁcie, tout en traitant l'endogénéité de cette dernière. Un biais de sélection tenant à la nature de l'échantillon observé est corrigé. Les résultats permettent de distinguer, dans l'évolution des prix fonciers, un effet temporel pur et une modiﬁcation de la localisation des constructions neuves et des caractéristiques des localisations. L'élasticité-prix et l'élasticité-revenu de la demande de sol des ménages est également estimée.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="510723">
                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/43/66/82/PDF/GoffetteNagot_ValFonciere_RevEco_VAuteur-1.pdf</text>
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                <text>Revue Economique</text>
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                <text>prix fonciers</text>
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                <text>France 1975-2000</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Prix fonciers et demande de sol à usage résidentiel en France 1975-2000</text>
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                <text>article in peer-reviewed journal</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="513762">
                <text>Goffette-Nagot, Florence</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="513763">
                <text>Jensen, Pablo</text>
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                <text>Grauwin, Sébastian</text>
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                <text>In his 1971's Dynamic Models of Segregation paper, the economist Thomas C. Schelling showed that a small preference for one's neighbors to be of the same color could lead to total segregation, even if total segregation does not correspond to individual preferences and to a residential conﬁguration maximizing the collective utility. The present work is aimed at deepening the understanding of the properties of dynamic models of segregation based on Schelling's hypotheses. Its main contributions are (i) to offer a comprehensive and up-to-date review of this family of models ; (ii) to provide an analytical solution to the most general form of this model under rather general assumptions ; to the best of our knowledge, such a solution did not exist so far ; (iii) to analyse the effect of two devices aimed at decreasing segregation in such a model. Chapter one summarizes the ingredients of Schelling's models. We show how the choices of the agent's utility function, of the neighborhood description and of the dynamical rule can impact the outcome of a model. Based on the observation of simulations' results, we ﬁnd that the neighborhood description does not have a qualitative impact. As regards the dynamical rules, we show that the Logit Behavioral rule introduced in this literature by Young (1998) ; Zhang (2004b) presents several advantages relatively to the Best Response rule. Chapter two presents a general analytical solution to the model. To that aim, Schelling's model is recasted within the framework of evolutionary game theory, as previously done by Young (1998) ; Zhang (2004b). This allows to deﬁne sufficient assumptions regarding agents' utility functions that permit predicting the ﬁnal state of the system starting from any conﬁguration. This analytical resolution is then used to consider the outcomes of Schelling's utility function and of other utility functions previously used in this context. Chapter three examines the effects of introducing coordination in the moving decisions. This coordination is achieved through two different ways. We ﬁrst impose different levels of taxes proportional to the externality generated by each move of the agents. It is shown that even a low level of tax is sufficient under certain circumstances to signiﬁcantly reduce segregation. We then investigate the effect of the introduction of a local coordination by vote of co-proprietors, who are deﬁned as the closest neighbors of each agent. It is shown that even a small amount of coordination can break segregation.</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00404400</text>
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                <text>http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/40/44/00/PDF/0914.pdf</text>
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                <text>Dynamic models of residential segregation: Brief review, analytical resolution and study of the introduction of coordination</text>
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                <text>Appliquée aux territoires urbains, la trame verte révèle les enjeux de la prise en compte de la biodiversité au sein des projets d’urbanisme environnemental. Le présent article se propose d’évaluer les retranscriptions locales de cette injonction nationale, en appréciant le projet de trame verte à Marseille au regard de la trame verte potentielle du territoire communal. Il souligne l’enjeu fondamental que représente, en la matière, la périphérie urbaine. En se fondant sur une approche éco-paysagère et sur une analyse de discours, il met en exergue la « schizophrénie du vert » qui s’exprime, dans cette zone, à l’égard de certains espaces à caractère naturel (friches végétalisées). Dans le même temps, ceux-ci sont, en effet, élevés au rang de réservoirs de biodiversité et de réserves foncières.  </text>
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                <text>Entre aménagement du paysage et ménagement de la nature à Marseille: la trame verte à l’épreuve du local.</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Los Angeles, où vivent environ 26 000 Israéliens auto-identifiés, est une des plus dynamiques communautés d’émigrants israéliens. Cela inclut une économie ethnique très active et un grand nombre d’institutions tournées vers les besoins des émigrants. Le climat méditerranéen de la ville, son importance comme centre de media, les caractéristiques socio-économiques des immigrants, la diversité des communautés juives contribuent à la réussite sociale de ces émigrants et aux bonnes relations entre les migrants israéliens et leurs co-religionnaires américains. Cet article reposant sur des enquêtes de terrain examine les motivations de départ vers Los Angeles et les conditions de vie des immigrants israéliens. Il s’achève par une caractérisation du transnationalisme israélien, processus par lequel les Israéliens de Los Angeles maintiennent les liens sociaux, économiques et identitaires entre la Californie du Sud et leur pays d’origine. </text>
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                <text>Los Angeles, which is the home to approximately 26,000 self-identified Israelis, is one of the most dynamic Israeli emigrant communities. It includes an active ethnic economy and a variety of immigrant-oriented institutions. These are sustained by a number of factors, including the city’s Mediterranean climate, economic characteristics, visibility as a media center, diverse Jewish community, and good relations between Israeli emigrants and American co-religionists. Based upon in-depth interviews and fieldwork, this paper discusses Israelis’ reasons for moving to Los Angeles and their social, economic and communal lives. It concludes by identifying Israeli transnationalism, a process whereby Israelis in LA maintain ongoing social, economic and identificational links between Southern California and their country of origin. </text>
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                <text>Tchibindat F.L., Goma I.E. Hypotrophie à la naissance et croissance du nourrisson congolais en milieu urbain. In : Salem Gérard (ed.), Jeannée Emile (ed.).  Urbanisation et santé dans le Tiers Monde : transition épidémiologique, changement social et soins de santé primaires. Paris : ORSTOM, 1989, p. 147-152. (Colloques et Séminaires). Séminaire International de Pikine, Pikine (SEN), 1986/12/02-06</text>
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                <text>The central argument of this thesis is that while the approach to the study of both politics of stabilization and adjustment and the Third World has added significantly to our understanding of the nature of political systems and political cultures, it remains incomplete because the focus of most of the studies is not on the micro-level, or the level at which ordinary people struggle for survival and economic benefit. As a result, an important element in our understanding of the politics of adjustment remains obscure: the politics of everyday life. I would argue that the failure of urban adjustment in Kampala is a direct result of the vitality of the politics of everyday life and the failure of institutional reform measures adequately to address the logic of this form of politics. The politics of everyday life confronts top-down attempts at institutional reform, undermines them, and incorporates them in a fashion which conforms to its own imperatives. I explore these issues by looking at the case of market vendors in Kampala, Uganda as they struggle to improve the physical and administrative conditions within their market. The canvas upon which these struggles over space and services emerge include increasing urban poverty and insecurity in Kampala, intergovernmental jurisdictional squabbles between the Kampala City Council and the central government, and the World Bank sponsored Uganda First Urban Project. These everyday political struggles show how the urban poor undermine and resist attempts to impose restrictive regulatory frameworks upon those who cannot afford them.</text>
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                <text>http://hdl.handle.net/1807/10759</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/914</text>
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                <text>University of Toronto</text>
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                <text>urban life, political sciences, market, poverty, governance</text>
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                <text>Eating cities : The politics of everyday life in Kampala, Uganda</text>
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                  <text>revue publiée par ERES</text>
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                <text>7</text>
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                <text>Gomes, Maria de Fátima Cabral Marque </text>
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                <text> Reginensi, Caterine </text>
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                <text> Bautes, Nicolas</text>
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                <text>
  
  Cet article examine les pratiques et les discours de citadins de la métropole de Rio de Janeiro, clients éventuels ou attitrés des vendeurs ambulants. Nous proposons de réfléchir sur la dimension marchande des déplacements du quotidien à partir d'une ethnographie comparée de deux espaces de la ville : le marché populaire d'Uruguaiana et la plage de Copacabana.
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                <text>fre</text>
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés, n 135, 4, 2009-01-20, pp.79-97</text>
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                <text>clients</text>
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                <text> commerçants-ambulants</text>
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                <text> Rio de Janeiro</text>
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                <text>Les commerçants ambulants et leurs clients à Rio de Janeiro</text>
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                  <text>Géographie et cultures étudie la géographie culturelle, en centrant le propos sur le « tournant culturel » et plus largement les cultural studies. Depuis 1992, elle dresse un panorama actualisé en France et à l’étranger de l’état de la recherche dans ce domaine. La revue est conçue comme une plateforme d’idées, d’objets et de formats nouveaux, elle occupe une place originale dans son champ académique.</text>
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                <text>isi:Environmental studies</text>
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                <text>Lors de l’hiver 2006, l’association Les Enfants de Don Quichotte installe un campement de tentes sur les berges du canal Saint-Martin, à Paris. Il s’agit alors de susciter le débat public au sujet de la situation des SDF, question qui semble confinée dans l’angle mort tant du point de vue des politiques publiques, que de celui des usages ordinaires constitutifs des espaces publics. L’originalité de l’action entreprise tient dans sa mise en scène, qui est structurée par un scénario, c’est-à-dire une mise en récit opérée dans et par l’espace.</text>
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                <text>During the winter of 2006, the organization Les Enfants de Don Quichotte installed a tent camp on the banks of the Canal Saint-Martin in Paris. The objective was to draw attention to the situation of the homeless which until then had remained invisible in public spaces and were neglected by public policies. This action generated an intense public debate. Our purpose is to focus on the originality of the action which lied in the way it was staged, structured by a script, set in a spatial narrative.</text>
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                <text>Gomes, Paulo C. da Costa</text>
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                <text>Fort-Jacques, Théo</text>
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                <text>Géographie et cultures</text>
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                <text>2010</text>
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                <text>http://gc.revues.org/1815</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Paris</text>
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                <text>Europe</text>
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                <text>France</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Robertson, Douglas. Supervisor</text>
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                <text>Gomez, Maria V</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1998</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Old industrial areas have made broad use of new strategies as the means to overcome the difficulties created by the restructuring of their former economic foundation. The attempt to provide an appropriate environment for both fostering economic growth and attracting new investment in the face of heightened inter-urban competition has been the target of much new urban governmental activity. Apart from this general goal, these exercises are often presented as an indirect means to alleviate situations of unemployment and social decline.

In Glasgow and Bilbao, the search for local solutions has been inspired in the predominant pattern of entrepreneurial discourses which underline the importance of the creation of a not very well defined service-based economy and the reconstruction of the cities' image. Glasgow and Bilbao illustrate the failure of these practices, beyond the limited benefit brought to a few selected locations and a very limited group of people. Despite this neglect, the comparative insight provides evidence on the extent to which common patterns for renewal efforts, notwithstanding political, economic and social differences, are repeatedly used.</text>
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                <text>http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2266</text>
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                <text>http://lallier.msh-vdl.fr/theses/items/show/915</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="193670">
                <text>University of Stirling</text>
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                <text>urban renewal, economics, urban policy</text>
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                <text>A la fin de l'époque moderne, l'histoire de Cuba présente une originalité peu perceptible : elle concerne la composition de la société de la capitale cubaine. On relève un grand nombre de créoles possédant un titre de Castille ou une grandesse d'Espagne. On peut supposer que la distribution de ces marques faisait partie d'une politique tendant à conserver l'île dans le giron espagnol. C'est pourquoi l'on peut se demander en quelle mesure la présence d'une nombreuse aristocratie créole dans la capitale cubaine eut une incidence dans la « fidélité cubaine ». Pour répondre à cette question, une réflexion s'articulant autour de trois points peut être avancée. Le premier consiste à s'interroger sur l'influence sociale et politique de l'aristocratie à la fin de l'époque moderne espagnole. Il faut réfléchir ensuite sur le détail de la stratégie royale de concessions de titres : quel a été son rythme, quels ont été les critères retenus, ont-ils variés au cours du temps ? cela peut aider à comprendre en dernier lieu la force des liens entre l'aristocratie havanaise et la monarchie havanaise et de là la contribution de la première au processus qui a conduit à donner à Cuba le surnom de « Isla siempre fiel », l'Ile toujours fidèle.</text>
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                <text>GIS Réseau Amérique latine. Actes du 1er Congrès du GIS Amérique latine : Discours et pratiques de pouvoir en Amérique latine, de la période précolombienne à nos jours, 3-4 novembre 2005, Université de La Rochelle</text>
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                <text>Cuba</text>
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                <text>Gonzalez Alvarez, Antonio</text>
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                <text>En quoi et comment la concertation influence-t-elle l'émergence d'idées nouvelles, leur formalisation et leur mise en œuvre ? Existe-t-il des modalités de concertation qui favorisent l'innovation dans les politiques de déplacements urbains ? Pour répondre à ces questions, cette recherche s'est intéressée au Mobilien, réseau principal de bus d'Ile-de-France, projet innovant, conçu et mis en œuvre moyennant divers dispositifs de concertation dans le cadre du Plan de Déplacements Urbains de la région (PDUIF). Reposant sur le dépouillement d'archives, la réalisation d'entretiens avec les principaux acteurs du PDUIF, le suivi de divers comités de déclinaison du Mobilien à échelle locale (comités d'axe) et des recherches bibliographiques, cette thèse montre que, pour favoriser l'innovation, la concertation ne peut être que partielle : tous les souhaits ne peuvent être satisfaits ni le consensus total. Des pistes sont ainsi proposées pour une concertation innovatrice. Elles consistent par exemple à choisir de façon restrictive les acteurs associés à chaque étape, à instaurer un pilotage ferme à la fois politique et technique, ou encore à modeler les diverses dimensions du projet (territoriale, technique, urbaine et de qualité de service) en accord avec les élus locaux et avec les agents de la mise en œuvre.</text>
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                <text>http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085981</text>
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                <text>Ecole des Ponts ParisTech</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>[SHS:SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography</text>
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                <text>concertation</text>
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                <text>action publique</text>
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                <text>politique transport</text>
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                <text>transport urbain</text>
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                <text>Mobilien et le PDU d'Ile-de-France. L'innovation dans les politiques de déplacements au risque de la concertation</text>
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                <text>PhD thesis</text>
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                  <text>Espaces et sociétés</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>fre</text>
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                <text>Cairn</text>
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                <text>Espaces et sociétés, n 148-149, 1, 2012-04-01, pp.145-158</text>
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                <text>working-class suburbs</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="428591">
                <text> Bennett M. Berger</text>
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                <text> banlieues ouvrières</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="428593">
                <text> États-Unis</text>
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                <text> Bennett M. Berger</text>
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                <text>Classe moyenne versus classe ouvrière. Working Class Suburbs et le mythe de la banlieue étatsunienne</text>
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                <text>Gonzalez-Feliu, Jesus</text>
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                <text>2008-05-12</text>
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                <text>La distribution de marchandises est un secteur en constant développement et constitue un facteur économique important. Par contre, dans les villes, il contribue notamment aux problèmes de congestion, pollution, bruit et d'autres dérangements à la population des villes. Pour faire face à ces problèmes, une nouvelle discipline est née à la fin du XXe siècle, la " City Logistics ", qui a comme objectifs principaux la réduction de la congestion, la pollution et le bruit occasionné par le transport de marchandises en ville. Dans les dernières années, plusieurs études et expériences se sont développées en toute l'Europe, mais pour l'instant une politique commune en matière de logistique urbaine n'a pas encore été proposée par l'Union Européenne. En Italie, seulement certaines villes de petite taille ont expérimenté des politiques de " city logistics " avec succès, mais sans un lien entre elles. Nous observons que ces expériences utilisent des centres urbains de distribution de marchandises, ce qui peut se traduire en un système de transport à deux ou plus niveaux. Plusieurs études en recherche opérationnelle ont traité des problématiques liées à des systèmes à niveaux multiples pour la distribution de marchandise. Néanmoins, l'optimisation des coûts de transport est en générale réalisé en considérant chaque niveau indépendant des autres, ou en approximant les coûts du transport dans certains niveaux pour simplifier. Un autre problème est le manque d'une unification de la terminologie utilisée dans ces études, qui difficulte la recherche bibliographique. Le but de cette recherche est, d'un coté, proposer des lignes guide d'accion en matière de planification de la distribution urbaine de marchandises, en unifiant certains termes, et d'un autre coté présenter une famille de problèmes d'optimisation de routes des véhicules qui considère les systèmes à niveaux multiples dans son ensemble et pas comme une somme de systèmes indépendants. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons les principales expériences de " city logistics " en Italie, ainsi que des lignes d'action dans la planification des systèmes de distribution urbaine des marchandises qui puissent devenir opérationnels et efficients. Ensuite nous présentons les principales problématiques et limites de l'optimisation de systèmes de transports à niveaux multiples, en unifiant les concepts et la notation. Nous proposons une nouvelle famille de problèmes d'optimisation de routes de véhicules pour des systèmes à niveaux multiples, en détaillant le cas basique : le problème de routes de véhicules à deux niveaux. Nous proposons des modèles mathématiques pour ce problème et des résultats numériques pour illustrer les avantages et les limites de la modélisation de ces systèmes.</text>
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                <text>[INFO:INFO_RO] Computer Science/Operations Research</text>
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                <text>[MATH:MATH_OC] Mathematics/Optimization and Control</text>
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                <text>[SHS:GESTION] Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration</text>
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                <text>urban freight distribution</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="474342">
                <text>city logistics</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>two-echelon vehicle routing</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="474344">
                <text>modeling</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="474345">
                <text>multi-echelon logistics</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Models and Methods for the City Logistics: The Two-Echelon Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>PhD thesis</text>
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