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                <text>La mise en place de l'observatoire urbain de Quito permet d'examiner les problèmes posés par les relations entre recherche fondamentale et recherche opérationnelle. Tout d'abord, cette contribution met plein phare sur les difficultés d'une coopération pluriinstitutionnelle qui accompagne la création d'observatoires. Cette diversité est tantôt porteuse de subtilité créatrice, tantôt source d'inhibitions anticréatrices, notamment en termes de calendrier. Or les crises se soldent généralement par des négligences méthodologiques, notamment en ce qui concerne la définition d'unités d'observation pertinentes. Ces crises reflètent souvent la diversité des perspectives théoriques ou méthodologiques des partenaires qui n'épousent pas facilement un même plan d'action. Ici comme ailleurs, la création de l'observatoire a eu à la fois pour résultat de récolter des données utilisables par les acteurs locaux, et de mettre en lumière les problèmes généraux associés aux innovations méthodologiques et théoriques résultant de l'utilisation de l'outil. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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                <text>Godard H.R. Entre applications et recherche, l'atlas informatisé de Quito. In : Clignet Rémi (ed.).  Observatoires du développement, observatoires pour le développement. Paris : ORSTOM, 1998, p. 97-121. (Colloques et Séminaires). Observatoires du Développement, Observatoires pour le Développement : Séminaire, Paris (FRA), 1994/09</text>
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                <text>Dix ans après le commencement du programme Atlas informatisé de Quito (AIQ), quatre ans après la mise en route de son volet opérationnel, le Système urbain d'information (SUI), et trois ans après la publication de l'Atlas infographique de Quito, trait d'union entre l'AIQ et le SUI et sorte de "manuel d'utilisation" de la base de données et du système d'information géographique (SIG) mis en place, il était pertinent d'évaluer les forces et les faiblesses de ces actions et de faire le bilan d'une décennie de partenariat scientifique et opérationnel entre l'Orstom et trois institutions équatoriennes. Quelles ont été les difficultés rencontrées, tant institutionnellement que techniques et scientifiques ? Quelles sont les conditions optimales de mise en place et d'exploitation d'un observatoire urbain ? Les aspects de méthodologie et de recherche scientifique, d'une part, et d'action et de recherche appliquée, d'autre part, sont-ils inconciliables ou complémentaires ? Ces deux volets peuvent-ils être menés simultanément ? Quels sont les apports de ces expériences susceptibles d'être transposés sur d'autres cites urbains ? Doit-on nécessairement privilégier une solution "lourde" (grande échelle de travail, traitement des données censitaires, etc.) au détriment d'une solution plus "légère" (construction d'indicateurs urbains, enquêtes de localisation, etc.)? Voici quelques-unes des questions auxquelles cet article tente d'apporter des éléments de réponse, sachant que, dans la perspective de la mise en place d'un SIG aujourd'hui, il est indispensable de prendre en compte l'accélération technologique qui a boulversé le paysage informatique depuis le début des années quatre-vingt-dix. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010009715</text>
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                <text>Godard Henri. Le système d'information géographique de Quito : recherche scientifique ou recherche opérationnelle ?. In : Minvielle Jean-Paul (ed.).  Systèmes d'information et questions de developpement. Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, 1996, 32 (4), p. 803-821. </text>
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                <text>EQUATEUR</text>
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                <text>QUITO</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Defossez, A.C.</text>
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                <text>Fassin, Didier</text>
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                <text>Godard, Henri</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358641">
                <text>La spatialisation des données relatives au système de soins de Quito depuis l'époque coloniale jusqu'à la période actuelle permet de mettre en évidence, à travers une série de cartes commentées à l'aide de documents historiques, des phénomènes que révèle également l'analyse de la localisation d'autres services et équipements de la ville : ségrégation sociale à la fois au niveau de l'espace urbain, des structures hospitalières, et à l'intérieur même des institutions; processus parallèles de médicalisation et de laïcisation d'un appareil sanitaire qui se spécialise de plus en plus; affirmation d'un pouvoir étatique, au demeurant fragile, aux dépens des prérogatives municipales. En raison de sa simplicité d'exécution et de sa lisibilité, la cartographie du système de soins nous semble être un indicateur pertinent et aisément transposable du fonctionnement urbain. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358642">
                <text>text/pdf</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358643">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:34932</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358644">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:34932</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358645">
                <text>Defossez A.C., Fassin Didier, Godard Henri. Espace urbain et santé publique : l'histoire sociale et politique du système de soins à Quito, entre carte et récit. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Etudes Andines, 1991, 20 (1), p. 115-139. </text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358646">
                <text>FR</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358647">
                <text>SANTE PUBLIQUE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358648">
                <text>SYSTEME DE SANTE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358649">
                <text>URBANISATION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358650">
                <text>INFRASTRUCTURE SANITAIRE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358651">
                <text>HOPITAL</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358652">
                <text>SEGREGATION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358653">
                <text>ETAT</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358654">
                <text>MILIEU URBAIN</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358655">
                <text>CARTOGRAPHIE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358656">
                <text>Espace urbain et santé publique : l'histoire sociale et politique du système de soins à Quito, entre carte et récit</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358657">
                <text>text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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                  <text/>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>IRD</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358658">
                <text>EQUATEUR</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358659">
                <text>QUITO</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358660">
                <text>Godard, Henri</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358661">
                <text>1991</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358662">
                <text>Afin de faire le "bilan" comparatif de la dynamique, des objectifs, des stratégies, des perspectives des organisations populaires à Quito et à Guayaquil en insistant sur leurs forces et leurs faiblesses, l'auteur aborde, d'une part, la structuration des organisations populaires dans les deux métropoles en insistant sur les conditions locales d'accès au sol, les types d'organisations et leur évolution et les actions entreprises par les pouvoirs publics pour tenter de faire face à la demande populaire en matière d'habitat, et d'autre part, les aspects dynamiques de ces organisations - croissance, apogée et déclin - en fonction des processus de consolidation morphologique</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358663">
                <text>text/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358664">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:34921</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358665">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:34921</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358666">
                <text>Godard Henri. Les organisations populaires à Quito et à Guayaquil : forces et faiblesses de ces "nouveaux" acteurs urbains. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Etudes Andines, 1991, 20 (1), p. 141-162. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358667">
                <text>FR</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358668">
                <text>MOUVEMENT POPULAIRE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358669">
                <text>MILIEU DEFAVORISE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358670">
                <text>MOUVEMENTS SOCIAUX URBAINS</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358671">
                <text>AMENAGEMENT URBAIN</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358672">
                <text>POUVOIR LOCAL</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358673">
                <text>HABITAT</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358674">
                <text>QUARTIER</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358675">
                <text>EVOLUTION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358676">
                <text>ETUDE COMPARATIVE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="358677">
                <text>ACCES AU SOL</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358678">
                <text>Les organisations populaires à Quito et à Guayaquil : forces et faiblesses de ces "nouveaux" acteurs urbains</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="358679">
                <text>text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
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      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644247">
                  <text>Urbanisation et sociétés urbaines</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644248">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644249">
                  <text>IRD</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360626">
                <text>Delaunay, Daniel (comp.)</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360627">
                <text>Portais, Michel (comp.)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360628">
                <text>EQUATEUR</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360629">
                <text>QUITO</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360630">
                <text>Godard, Henri</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360631">
                <text>1989</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360632">
                <text>Après avoir analysé l'évolution morphologique et fonctionnelle depuis 1970 des centres de Quito et Guayaquil qui s'est faite de manière différente : multipolarité et spécialisation fonctionnelle des sous-centres de la capitale, monopolarité et plurifonctionnalité du port principal, l'auteur compare ces transformations et fait ressortir que certains mécanismes généraux expliquant ces mutations et cette évolution sont souvent semblables</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360633">
                <text>text/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360634">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:26928</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360635">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:26928</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360636">
                <text>Godard Henri. Structure et dynamique des centres de Quito et de Guayaquil. In : Delaunay Daniel (comp.), Portais Michel (comp.).  Equateur 1986. Paris : ORSTOM, 1989, p. 479-488. (Colloques et Séminaires). Ecuador 1986, Quito (ECU), 1986/07/07-12</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360637">
                <text>FR</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360638">
                <text>ORSTOM</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360639">
                <text>VILLE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360640">
                <text>CENTRE URBAIN SECONDAIRE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360641">
                <text>CENTRE VILLE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360642">
                <text>CROISSANCE URBAINE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360643">
                <text>FONCTIONS URBAINES</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360644">
                <text>ETUDE COMPARATIVE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360645">
                <text>EVOLUTION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360646">
                <text>MORPHOLOGIE URBAINE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360647">
                <text>Structure et dynamique des centres de Quito et de Guayaquil</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="360648">
                <text>Equateur 1986</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="360649">
                <text>text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644247">
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                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644248">
                  <text/>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644249">
                  <text>IRD</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362622">
                <text>EQUATEUR</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="362623">
                <text>QUITO</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362624">
                <text>Godard, Henri</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="362625">
                <text>Vega, Jeanett</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362626">
                <text>1988</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362627">
                <text>La carte lissée de la localisation du sujet des cartes postales en vente à Quito fait resssortir le poids du centre historique et des zones adjacentes. L'image touristique de la capitale est le "négatif" des fonctions de décision. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362628">
                <text>text/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362629">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:26179</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="362630">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:26179</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="362631">
                <text>Godard Henri, Vega Jeanett. Une image de l'image de Quito (Equateur). Mappemonde, 1988, p. 32-35. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362632">
                <text>FR</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362633">
                <text>VILLE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="362634">
                <text>CENTRE VILLE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="362635">
                <text>PERCEPTION DE L'ESPACE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362636">
                <text>Une image de l'image de Quito (Equateur)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="362637">
                <text>text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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                <text>Godard Henri. Les organisations populaires urbaines à Quito et leurs relations avec l'Etat. Bordeaux : CEGET, 1985, 21 p. multigr. Crise et Evolution des Modes de Gestion des Villes dans les Pays en Développement : Journées d'Etudes, Marly-le-Roi (FRA), 1985/01/24-26</text>
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                <text>Crise et évolution des modes de gestion des villes dans les Pays en Développement. Quels nouveaux outils? Quels nouveaux acteurs? Quelles nouvelles pratiques? Quelles dynamiques?</text>
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                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:28217</text>
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                <text>Godard Henri. Transfert de capitaux et mutations urbaines à Port-au-Prince. In : Simon G. (ed.)  Villes et migrations internationales de travail dans le Tiers-Monde. 1984, p. 301-328. (Etudes Méditerranéennes ; 6). Transferts de Revenus et Projets Immobiliers des Travailleurs Migrants dans les Pays en Développement : Table Ronde, Poitiers (FR), 1983/12/05-07</text>
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                <text>Depuis plusieurs années, la référence au "développement durable" s'est largement diffusée à l'échelle internationale (Traité de Maastricht, Convention-cadre sur le climat, Commission du développement durable créée en France auprès du Commissariat Général du Plan). Ce concept phare, aujourd'hui chargé de nombreuses exigences (droit des minorités, lutte contre les inégalités,...) visait initialement à exprimer la volonté de reconsidérer les modes de développement sous l'angle de leur impact environnemental, mais en même temps de replacer l'intérêt pour la conservation de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles au sein d'une perspective de développement économique et social, qui suppose l'acceptation du changement (Godard, 1994). Le développement durable est utilisé aujourd'hui comme un nouveau repère pour aborder une grande variété de problèmes touchant au long terme et à l'insertion de l'activité de l'homme dans l'environnement planétaire. La pensée du développement urbain n'y échappe pas. Le développement durable des villes est devenu l'une des nouvelles préoccupations des milieux associatifs (Emelianoff, 1995) et de certaines institutions (Union européenne, ...) (Nijkamp et Perrels, 1994). Mais comment peut-on traduire cette nouvelle exigence ?</text>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353938">
                <text>VIET NAM</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353939">
                <text>HANOI</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353940">
                <text>Godard, X.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353941">
                <text>Cusset, J.M.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353942">
                <text>Schmitt, M. (collab.)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353943">
                <text>1996</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353944">
                <text>Les formes de mobilité dans les villes vietnamiennes connaissent de fortes évolutions suite à la nouvelle politique économique et à l'ouverture internationale. Le système de déplacements qui reposait largement sur la bicyclette dans les années 1970-1980 demeure fondamentalement individualiste en se tournant de plus en plus vers les motos : celles-ci sont majoritaires dans les déplacements à Hô Chi Minh-Ville, et viennent juste derrière la bicyclette à Hanoi. Le parc de motos s'est accru à un rythme très rapide dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, au point que l'on trouve une moto dans presque chaque foyer : cet équipement va bien au-delà de ce que laissent supposer les revenus officiels. Pour leur part les autorités souhaitent promouvoir fortement les transports collectifs et diminuer l'influence des transports non motorisés. La mobilité assurée par ce système de deux-roues est élevée, beaucoup plus que celle des villes en développement dont les transports reposent sur des moyens collectifs. La population semble considérer la motorisation des transports comme plutôt inévitable, tout en regrettant certains effets négatifs et en affirmant que la bicyclette aura un rôle à garder. Face à la contradition entre les tendances lourdes et les objectifs des autorités, les villes vietnamiennes peuvent s'orienter vers divers types de modèles de transport au nom de la modernité et du développement économique : les références extrêmes qui sont alors évoquées sont celle de l'ordre à Singapour et celle de la congestion à Bangkok. Il n'est pas exclu qu'un modèle original apparaisse, qui assurerait une complémentarité entre transport collectif et deux roues. (Résumé d'auteur)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353945">
                <text>text/pdf</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353946">
                <text>http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010008299</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353947">
                <text>oai:ird.fr:fdi:010008299</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353948">
                <text>Godard X., Cusset J.M., Schmitt M. (collab.) Des systèmes de transport urbain au Vietnam à la recherche de la modernité. Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, 1996, 32 (3), p. 555-575. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353949">
                <text>FR</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353950">
                <text>TRANSPORT URBAIN</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353951">
                <text>TRANSPORT COLLECTIF</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353952">
                <text>MOBILITE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353953">
                <text>POLITIQUE URBAINE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353954">
                <text>COMPORTEMENT</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353955">
                <text>MODERNITE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353956">
                <text>TRANSITION ECONOMIQUE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353957">
                <text>DEUX ROUES</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353958">
                <text>MOTORISATION</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="353959">
                <text>TRANSPORT INDIVIDUEL</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353960">
                <text>Des systèmes de transport urbain au Vietnam à la recherche de la modernité</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="353961">
                <text>text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
