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                <text>325-339</text>
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                <text>Bertrand Zuindeau</text>
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                <text>Guy Chautard</text>
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                <text>The Stake of a sustainable Reconversion of industrial Tradition Territories : the Example of the Nord - Pas-de-Calais Coal field.

Not only the reconverting areas are confronted with the stake of the renewal of their economic activities system, but beyond that, considering the consequences resulting from the past industrialization, they must deal with the objective, still more ambitious, of a renovation of the whole of their territory. Using the terms of a recent problematics, we will say that it is necessary to pass from a "non-sustainability" situation to a real sustainable development. Considering the example of the Nord - Pas de Calais coal basin, it seems to us that, after 40 years of reconverting policies, many recent initiatives aim to this stake of sustainable re-development.</text>
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                <text>Non seulement les zones de reconversion sont confrontées à l'enjeu d'un renouvellement de leur système d'activités économiques, mais, au-delà, compte tenu des séquelles issues de l'industrialisation passée, ils doivent faire face à l'objectif, plus ambitieux encore, d'une rénovation de l'ensemble de leur territoire. Reprenant les termes d'une problématique récente, nous dirons qu'il leur faut passer d'une situation de non-durabilité à un véritable développement durable. Considérant l'exemple du bassin minier du Nord - Pas-de-Calais, il nous semble que, dans le prolongement de plus de 40 ans de politiques de reconversion, un certain nombre d'initiatives récentes vont dans le sens de cet enjeu de redéveloppement durable.</text>
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                <text>Chautard Guy, Zuindeau Bertrand. L'enjeu d'une reconversion durable des territoires de tradition industrielle : l'exemple du bassin minier du Nord - Pas-de-Calais. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2001-3. Les populations des bassins d'industries lourdes. pp. 325-339.</text>
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                <text>Reconversion ; Bassin minier du Nord - Pas-de- Calais ; Développement durable</text>
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                <text>L'enjeu d'une reconversion durable des territoires de tradition industrielle : l'exemple du bassin minier du Nord - Pas-de-Calais</text>
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                <text>Muriel Neven and Catherine Capron (edited by) : Family Structures, Demography and Population. A Comparison of Societies in Asia and Europe</text>
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                <text>373-385</text>
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                <text>Dina Vaiou</text>
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                <text>Dans les interstices de la ville : les Albanaises à Athènes.

Au lendemain de 1989, les pays sud-européens, Grèce incluse, auparavant lieux d'émigration, sont devenus la destination privilégiée d'importants flux migratoires. Actuellement de nombreux rapports et études soulignent la présence nombreuse des femmes dans ces mouvements migratoires - ce qui remet en question le stéréotype du migrant homme, jeune et célibataire. La prise de conscience de la présence de femmes migrantes, différemment représentées dans les diverses communautés, a ouvert de nouvelles pistes de recherche féministe - avec l'apparition de nouvelles tensions dans les débats féministes, particulièrement au sud de l' Europe où l' expérience des sociétés multiculturelles est très récente. C'est également le cas dans les études de géographie urbaine auxquelles cet article cherche à contribuer, à partir d' une recherche en cours à Athènes. Athènes, comme toutes les villes de Grèce, a connu un développement dans lequel ce que l'on appelle "secteur informel" joue un rôle clé : tant en ce qui concerne la production de l' espace que le marché du travail et le fonctionnement des institutions. Ceci a légitimé, entre autres, l'engagement limité et parfois controversé de l' Etat dans un certain nombre de domaines d' intervention, incluant la qualité de vie, le logement et l'aménagement - ce qui limite le contrôle direct de l'État dans la vie quotidienne. Le fonctionnement du "secteur informel" a entraîné des problèmes urbains pour lesquels Athènes est réputée, mais a laissé des failles ayant permis l'apparition et le développement de mécanismes d'intégration sociale. De telles failles ont permis aux migrantes (et aux migrants) de trouver travail et logement et de s' établir dans leur lieu de destination. Cet article se base sur le posulat que les migrantes ne sont pas des agents passifs, qu'au contraire elles développent des stratégies de survie et cherchent activement à déterminer les conditions de leur installation dans leur nouvel environnement. Cet article soutient que leur présence dans les quartiers centraux d'Athènes a contribué à la revitalisation du centre-ville, en introduisant de nouveaux usages des services, infrastructures et espaces publics. À travers les interviews des Albanaises à Athènes, l'article examine trois niveaux spatiaux : le voisinage, la ville et la trajectoire, et cherche à établir des liens entre genre et expériences de/dans l'espace.</text>
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                <text>In the aftermath of 1989, Southern European countries including Greece, former places of out-migration, have become the destination of massive waves of migrants. By now numerous estimates, reports and studies point to the high presence of women in these migratory movements - which challenges established stereotyped images of the migrant as a young male single person. The "discovery" of women migrants, with different presence in various migrant communities, has opened new areas of feminist research - and new tensions in feminist debates, particularly in Southern Europe where the experience of multicultural societies is very new. This is the case in urban geography/studies, to which this paper seeks to contribute, based on on-going research in Athens. 
Athens, like all Greek cities, has a development history in which what has been called "the informal" plays a key role: in the production of space, in the labour market, in the functioning of institutions. This has legitimated, among other things, the limited and sometimes controversial involvement of the state in several potential fields of intervention, including welfare, housing and planning, thus reducing direct state control on everyday life. The workings of the informal have contributed to urban problems for which Athens is notorious, but have left "gaps" where mechanisms of social integration could and have developed. Such gaps have made it possible, until recently, for women (and men) migrants to find a job and home, to establish themselves in their place of destination. Based on the premise that women migrants are not passive agents, but that they develop strategies of survival and actively seek to determine the terms of their settlement in the new environment, the paper argues that their numerous presence in many central neighbourhoods of Athens has contributed to the revitalisation of the inner city, by introducing new uses of its facilities, services, infrastructures and public spaces. Through interviews with Albanian women in Athens, the paper looks into three spatial levels, neighbourhood, city, trajectory, and seeks to understand the links between gender and experiences of/in space.</text>
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                <text>Vaiou Dina. In the Interstices of the City: Albanian Women in Athens . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2002-3. Questions de genre. pp. 373-385.</text>
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                <text>Urban Space ; (Albanian) Migrant Women ; Gender ; The Informal</text>
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                <text>Genre ; Espace urbain ; Secteur informel ; Migrantes (Albanaises)</text>
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                <text>In the Interstices of the City: Albanian Women in Athens </text>
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                <text>Muriel Neven</text>
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                <text>Catherine Capron</text>
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                <text>Vincent Houillon</text>
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                <text>Laurence Thomsin</text>
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                <text>2001</text>
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                <text>Dans cet article, nous proposons d'aborder les conséquences du vieillissement de deux localités inscrites dans des bassins d'industries lourdes non seulement d'un point de vue démographique mais aussi sous l'angle de la main-d'œuvre. 
Denain et Seraing, bien que construites sur des logiques de développement comparables au cours du 19ème siècle, répondent aujourd'hui à des formes inégales de recomposition du tissu économique. Elles se présentent comme des observatoires privilégiés d'une analyse comparative de l'état d'un « sur- » vieillissement de la population résultant de l'inscription historique d'un « sur- » baby-Boom, et de l'état d'une structure de main-d'œuvre originale parce que fortement soumise aux effets de l'émigration et largement préretraitée (prépensionnée selon l'expression belge). Plus qu'une comparaison des situations, c'est une réflexion que nous désirons aborder sur la notion même du vieillissement, renfermant en elle des processus parfois très dynamiques, et sur les capacités de rebond de deux villes industrielles sur base d'une structure de la population aux comportements démographiques nuancés pouvant interagir eux-mêmes sur l'évolution du profil de la population active restée sur place.</text>
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                <text>An integrated Approach to Ageing in two Iron and Steel Metallurgy Cities : Denain (Nord Pas-de-Calais) and Seraing (Province of Liege).

In this article we explore the consequences of ageing in two localities located in heavy industry basins from a demographic point of view as well as from the angle of labour. Although Denain and Seraing were built according to comparable development logic in the 19th century, today they respond to unequal forms of recomposition of the economic fabric. They constitute privileged observatories for a comparative analysis of a supra-ageing of the population focusing on : a particularity resulting from the historical perspective of the supra-baby boom, a labour market that is artificially "young", due to early retirement; the response to social management of the structural crisis. Rather than a comparison of situations, we propose a line of reflection, exploring the very notion of ageing, which includes processes that are sometimes quite dynamic and the abilities of these two industrial cities to revive themselves on the basis of population structure with nuanced demographie behaviours, capable of themselves interacting on the evolution of the profile of 
the remaining active population.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386220">
                <text>Thomsin Laurence, Houillon Vincent, Capron Catherine, Neven Muriel. Une approche intégrée du vieillissement dans deux villes sidérurgiques : Denain (Nord - Pas-de-Calais) et Seraing (Province de Liège). In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2001-3. Les populations des bassins d'industries lourdes. pp. 383-398.</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2001_num_19_3_2005</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386223">
                <text>fre</text>
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                <text>PERSEE</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386225">
                <text>Denain ; Demographic Ageing ; Ageing of the Working Population ; Industrial Basin ; Seraing</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386226">
                <text>Vieillissement démographique ; Vieillissement de la population active ; Bassin industriel ; Seraing ; Denain</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386227">
                <text>Une approche intégrée du vieillissement dans deux villes sidérurgiques : Denain (Nord - Pas-de-Calais) et Seraing (Province de Liège)</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386151">
                <text>453-467</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386152">
                <text>Pascal Buléon</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2003</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386154">
                <text>National Front vote 1984-2002, Changing Geographies and Interpretations: a Political Equation.

At the French presidential election of 2002, Jean-Marie Le Pen, extreme right candidate, receives 16,86 % of the vote cast, is second- placed, eliminates Lionel Jospin, Socialist Party candidate and out-going Prime Minister, and takes on Jacques Chirac in the second round. In 28 years, since 1974, date when the National Front appears in the present form, its rise has been spectacular but the geographies and sources of Le Pen vote have changed. These often profound modifications in geography and voting behaviour are placed in context, for which interpretations are offered in the article.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386155">
                <text>Aux élections présidentielles françaises de 2002, Jean-Marie Le Pen, candidat d'extrême droite, obtient 16,86 % des exprimés, arrive en seconde position, élimine Lionel Jospin, candidat du PS et Premier Ministre sortant, et s'oppose à Jacques Chirac au second tour. En 28 ans, depuis 1974, date de l'apparition du Front National en tant que tel, la progression est spectaculaire mais les géographies et les ressorts du vote Le Pen se sont modifiés. Ce sont ces modifications des géographies du vote et de ses ressorts souvent profonds que l'article met en perspective et dont il propose des interprétations.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386156">
                <text>Buléon Pascal, Fourquet Jérôme. Vote Front National 1984-2002, géographies et interprétations successives : une équation politique. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2003-3. Populations, élections, territoires. pp. 453-467.</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386157">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2003_num_21_3_2098</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386158">
                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2003.2098</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386159">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386160">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386161">
                <text>Explaining Voting Behaviour ; Electoral Geography ; Peri-urban Areas ; Elections ; France ; National Front</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386162">
                <text>Périurbain ; Géographie électorale ; Élections ; France ; Front National ; Explication du vote</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386163">
                <text>Vote Front National 1984-2002, géographies et interprétations successives : une équation politique</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386164">
                <text>article</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644246">
                  <text>PERSEE</text>
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          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386128">
                <text>369-382</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386129">
                <text>Suzy Pasleau</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386130">
                <text>2001</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386131">
                <text>A Population in Service of Coal, Iron and Glass. Seraing 1846-1900.

In Seraing, village situated in the coal field of Liege, companies of international fame are implanted from the first quarter of the 19th century : iron company Cockerill (1817) and glassworks of Val-Saint- Lambert (1826). Beside four collieries (and after three), these giants of the heavy industry press directly on the economy of Seraing. Employing a numerous manpower they also influence the demographic expansion. By the complex set of the natural and migratory movements, the population of Seraing is multiplied by twenty, from 1800 till 1913 ! Such a growth results from a constant influx of young immigrants attracted by high salaries. The image of the solitary male migrant should however give up the place to that of the domestic migrations. On the other hand, the population growth knows by 1875 a transition characterized certainly by a decline of the birth rate but especially by a fall of the mortality. Between economy and demography a lot of links are made and come undone to Seraing.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386132">
                <text>À Seraing, localité située dans le bassin houiller de Liège, des entreprises de renommée internationale sont implantées, dès le premier quart du 19ème siècle : la société sidérurgique Cockerill (en 1817) et les cristalleries du Val-Saint-Lambert (en 1826). Aux côtés de quatre (puis trois) charbonnages, ces géants de l'industrie lourde pèsent directement sur l'économie sérésienne. Employant une main-d'œuvre nombreuse, ils influencent aussi l'expansion démographique. Par le jeu complexe des mouvements naturel et migratoire, la population sérésienne est multipliée par vingt de 1800 à 1913 ! Une telle croissance résulte d'un afflux constant de jeunes immigrés attirés par de hauts salaires. L'image du migrant masculin solitaire doit cependant céder la place à celle de migrations familiales. D'autre part, la croissance démographique connaît, vers 1875, une transition caractérisée certes par une baisse de la natalité mais surtout par une chute de la mortalité. Entre économie et démographie, de multiples liens se font et se défont à Seraing.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386133">
                <text>Pasleau Suzy. Une population au service de la cité du charbon, du fer et du verre. Seraing, 1846-1900. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2001-3. Les populations des bassins d'industries lourdes. pp. 369-382.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386134">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2001_num_19_3_2004</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386135">
                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2001.2004</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386136">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386137">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386138">
                <text>Industrialisation ; Demographic Transition ; Professional Mobility ; Migratory Influx ; Coal Industry-Iron Industry-Glassworks</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386139">
                <text>Houillerie- sidérurgie-cristallerie ; Industrialisation ; Afflux migratoire ; Mobilité professionnelle ; Transition démographique</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386140">
                <text>Une population au service de la cité du charbon, du fer et du verre. Seraing, 1846-1900</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
              </elementText>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386019">
                <text>203-204</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386020">
                <text>Barré Alain</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386021">
                <text>2003</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386022">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2003_num_21_1_2073_t1_0203_0000_3</text>
              </elementText>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386023">
                <text>fre</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386024">
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386025">
                <text>Guy Baudelle et Bernard Castagnède (sous la direction de) : Le polycentrisme en Europe : une vision de l' aménagement du territoire européen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386026">
                <text>compterendu</text>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644246">
                  <text>PERSEE</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385997">
                <text>243-258</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385998">
                <text>René Leboutte</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385999">
                <text>2001</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>469-482</text>
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                <text>Jérôme Fourquet</text>
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                <text>Pascal Buléon</text>
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                <text>Loïc Ravenel</text>
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                <text>À l'aide d'une méthodologie recomposant les résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 2002 selon la distance aux principales aires urbaines françaises, cet article insiste sur l'importance du « gradient urbain » comme élément explicatif du vote. L'analyse des scores des principaux candidats montre que le vote est en effet fortement influencé par la distance aux grandes villes, facteur qui reste toujours prépondérant une fois les effets de la composante sociale neutralisés à l'aide d'un modèle de Johnston. Si les explications sont désormais connues dans le cadre de l'opposition rural/urbain, l'espace périurbain apparaît ici comme une nouvelle zone à fort enjeu électoral où les habitants-électeurs, poussés par de multiples motivations, ont fortement voté pour l'extrême droite. Des hypothèses concernant ce vote protestataire sont ainsi proposées.</text>
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                <text>Vote and Urban Gradient : the New Territories of 2002 Presidential Election.

By a recomposition of the results of the 2002 presidential election according to the distance to the principal French urban areas, this article insists on the importance of the "urban gradient" as an explanatory element of the vote. The analysis of the results of the main candidates shows that the vote is strongly influenced by the distance to the main cities. This factor remains important once the effects of the social component has been neutralized by the Johnston model. If the explanations through the rural/urban opposition are well known, the periurban areas seem a new zone with a strong electoral stake where the inhabitants-voters, pushed by numerous motivations, voted strongly for the extreme right. Assumptions concerning this protesting vote are thus proposed.</text>
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                <text>Ravenel Loïc, Buléon Pascal, Fourquet Jérôme. Vote et gradient d'urbanité : les nouveaux territoires des élections présidentielles de 2002. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2003-3. Populations, élections, territoires. pp. 469-482.</text>
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                <text>Vote ; Distance ; Urban Gradient ; Periurban Areas ; Spatial Analysis</text>
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                <text>Vote et gradient d'urbanité : les nouveaux territoires des élections présidentielles de 2002</text>
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                <text>561-561</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2003_num_21_3_2110_t1_0561_0000_2</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385898">
                <text>fre</text>
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                <text>Frédéric Dufaux, Annie Fourcaut, Rémy Skoutelsky : Faire l'histoire des grands ensembles. Bibliographie 1950-1980</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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                <text>compterendu</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385872">
                <text>65-76</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385873">
                <text>Isabelle Maret</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2003</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Urban Sprawl: What are the Trends in Rural US ?.

The U.S. population is sprawling on the American land ; the use of the term sprawl today is commonplace when speaking about disorganized settlement with moderate densities. It is accused to consume excessive open and agricultural space and leads to the increase of economical, social, and environmental costs. The ability to cure the pricey consequences of sprawl in the U.S. suppose the understanding of the multiple faces it can encompass in different context. Sprawl is linked to the high dependency of the American society on cars. It expresses the evolution of the American culture and life style. The State of Kentucky offers the case study of spreading population patterns in a rural context.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385876">
                <text>À l'instar du peuplement américain, l'étalement spatial de la population du Kentucky avance inexorablement; l'utilisation du terme "sprawl" est devenue commune pour évoquer les aires immenses, victimes de cette urbanisation lâche et inorganisée qui caractérise le peuplement américain en 2000. Alors que les terres vierges et agricoles sont, à grande vitesse, converties en territoires urbains, la prise de conscience des coûts associés, sociaux, économiques et environnementaux s'accroît. Cerner pour gérer le mécanisme de "l' urban sprawl" spécifique au contexte de chaque État nécessite la prise en compte de facteurs et de paramètres variés dont les combinaisons montrent finalement une diversité peu souvent perçue. L'étalement urbain est nourri par la dépendance de la population américaine à l'automobile. Il exprime l'évolution de la culture et du mode de vie des Américains. Le Kentucky nous présente le cas d'un État à dominante rurale : 4 aires métropolitaines, de nombreuses petites villes et de vastes campagnes. Les modalités spécifiques d'étalement et d'évolution des populations dans ce contexte sont observées.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385877">
                <text>Maret Isabelle. Étalement urbain : et l'Amérique profonde ?. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2003-1. Diversité des populations d'Amérique du Nord. pp. 65-76.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385878">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2003_num_21_1_2063</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385879">
                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2003.2063</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385880">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385881">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385882">
                <text>US ; GIS ; Sprawl ; Population ; Kentucky</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385883">
                <text>Kentucky ; États-Unis ; SIG ; Sprawl ; Population ; Étalement</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385884">
                <text>Étalement urbain : et l'Amérique profonde ?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385807">
                <text>279-296</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385808">
                <text>Dorothée Kohler</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385809">
                <text>2001</text>
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                <text>Une des caractéristiques de la ville sidérurgique a été de servir de creuset au brassage de populations d'origines très différentes et d'intégrer les afflux successifs de main-d'œuvre étrangère. Après avoir cerné les caractéristiques de cette dynamique industrielle, sociale et urbaine de la "Stahlstadt" représentative du modèle de la "Großstadt" industrielle en Allemagne, l'article se concentre sur l'analyse du processus de transformation des configurations urbaines et sociales de la ville sidérurgique durant les deux dernières décennies. Les mutations socio-économiques et urbaines donnent naissance à de nouvelles formes de fragmentation, de cohésion spatiale et sociale, de nouvelles centrantes et de nouveaux antagonismes. Ce processus de transformation oblige à réviser entièrement le schéma binaire de la ville-usine et la représentation figée d'une ville en déclin.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385811">
                <text>Duisburg, Iron and Steel "Großstadt". When the Patchwork-City rips to Pieces.

One of the characteristics of the iron and steelwork's town is to serve as melting pot for the mingling of populations of various origins and to integrate the successive crowd of foreign manpower. Once have been determinated the characteristics of this industrial, social and urban dynamics of the "Stahlstadt" - representative of the industrial "Großstadt" in Germany - the article focuses on the analysis of the transformation process of the urban and social forms of the iron and steelwork's town during the two last decades. The socio-economic and urban changes give rise to new forms of fragmentation, of spatial and social cohesivenesses, new "centrality" and new antagonisms. This transformation process forces to revise totally the binary schema of the "town-factory" and the frozen idea of a declining town.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385812">
                <text>Kohler Dorothée. Duisbourg, Großstadt sidérurgique : quand la ville-patchwork se découd. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2001-3. Les populations des bassins d'industries lourdes. pp. 279-296.</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2001_num_19_3_1998</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385815">
                <text>fre</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385816">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
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                <text>Structure industrielle ; Concentration d'industries ; Changement industriel ; Migration internationale ; Migration de main-d'œuvre</text>
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                <text>Duisbourg, Großstadt sidérurgique : quand la ville-patchwork se découd</text>
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                <text>425-425</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>2001</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2001_num_19_3_2008_t1_0425_0000_2</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>fre</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Anne Raulin (éd.) : Quand Besançon se donne à lire. Essais en anthropologie urbaine</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>compterendu</text>
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                <text>541-547</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Loïc Ravenel</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385725">
                <text>2003</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385726">
                <text>Does the Presence of Foreigners Involve the Vote for the Extreme Right?.

This practice examines the statistical relation between the vote for the extreme right and the presence of foreigners. Beyond the political aspect, the goal is to understand how the same statistical relation could have a inversion of significance according to the scale of spatial reference.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385727">
                <text>Cet exercice de travaux dirigés examine la relation statistique entre le vote pour l'extrême droite et la présence d'étrangers. Au-delà de l'aspect politique, il s'agit de comprendre comment une même relation statistique peut, en fonction de l'échelle de référence, changer de sens et de signification.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385728">
                <text>Ravenel Loïc. La présence d'étrangers entraîne-t-elle le vote pour l'extrême droite ?. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2003-3. Populations, élections, territoires. pp. 541-547.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2003_num_21_3_2108</text>
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                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2003.2108</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>fre</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>PERSEE</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La présence d'étrangers entraîne-t-elle le vote pour l'extrême droite ?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644244">
                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644245">
                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644246">
                  <text>PERSEE</text>
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    <elementSetContainer>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>51-63</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Gérald Billard</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2003</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>The Actual Challenge of Major American Central Cities in the Era of Métropolisation.

For a century now, the metropolitan level has been part of the US Census survey (metropolitan districts). At the beginning, the concentration movement in the central-city was the major trend ; but since World War II, the development of metropolitan areas is the main evolution of urban America. The Concentric Zone Model structured around the influent core of the inner city is quite obsolete : now, the Multiple Nuclei Model shows us the relative demographical, economical and social weakness of central cities. The Census 2000 data doesn't report a radical change in this unbalanced urban morphology evolution but some authors point out the resurgence of major central cities. The diffusion of smart growth programs, in response to the negative impacts of urban sprawl, and the international immigration seam to be the main reasons of this renewal.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385697">
                <text>Cela fait pratiquement un siècle que l'échelle métropolitaine (metropolitan districts) a été introduite dans le recensement américain. Si avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le phénomène métropolitain était éclipsé par la logique de concentration au niveau des villes-centres, il s'impose désormais comme caractéristique de la structure urbaine actuelle. Le modèle radioconcentrique, organisé autour d'une ville-centre puissante, a ainsi laissé la place à une approche polynucléaire dans laquelle le poids démographique, économique et social de la ville centrale semble se réduire. Les chiffres du recensement 2000 n'inversent pas radicalement cette tendance mais de nombreux auteurs soulignent un mouvement de résurgence des grandes villes centres, provoqué à la fois par la lutte nécessaire contre les stigmates de l'étalement urbain et une intensification des flux migratoires internationaux.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385698">
                <text>Billard Gérald. Les grandes villes-centres des États-Unis face au défi actuel de la métropolisation. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2003-1. Diversité des populations d'Amérique du Nord. pp. 51-63.</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385699">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2003_num_21_1_2062</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385700">
                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2003.2062</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385701">
                <text>fre</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385702">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385703">
                <text>San Diego ; Central City ; Metropolitan Areas ; Urban Sprawl ; Smart Growth Plan ; Urban Renewal ; The United States</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385704">
                <text>Aire métropolitaine ; Gestion de la croissance ; San Diego ; États-Unis ; Renouvellement urbain ; Ville-centre ; Étalement urbain</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385705">
                <text>Les grandes villes-centres des États-Unis face au défi actuel de la métropolisation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385706">
                <text>article</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644245">
                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644246">
                  <text>PERSEE</text>
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    <elementSetContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385678">
                <text>537-540</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Pierre Chapelet</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385680">
                <text>Alain Vaguet</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385681">
                <text>2003</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385682">
                <text>L'Union indienne a connu un basculement politique majeur à la fin des années 1990, un parti à composante fondamentaliste hindoue (le BJP) a pris le pouvoir à Delhi. La dynamique spatiale des deux principaux partis permet de retrouver une géographie régionale très classique, opposant les Etats du Nord à un Sud plus ouvert à la modernisation.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385683">
                <text>Geography of Elections in India, an Introduction. New Deal, Ancient Discontinuities.

At the end of the 90s, a major transformation of the political landscape occurred in Federal India. The BJP, a Hindu fundamentalist group reached the power in Delhi. Restoring the spatial dynamics of the two major electoral competitors leads to find out the very classical outcomes of regional geography in India, opposing the northern States to the southern ones, much more involved in the process of modernization.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385684">
                <text>Vaguet Alain, Chapelet Pierre. Introduction à la géographie électorale indienne. Nouvelle donne, anciens clivages. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2003-3. Populations, élections, territoires. pp. 537-540.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385685">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2003_num_21_3_2106</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385686">
                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2003.2106</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385687">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385688">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385689">
                <text>Election ; Spatial Evolution ; India</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="385690">
                <text>Inde ; Élection ; Dynamique spatiale</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="385691">
                <text>Introduction à la géographie électorale indienne. Nouvelle donne, anciens clivages</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="385692">
                <text>article</text>
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