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La migration nette depuis les zones urbaines vers les espaces ruraux reste la dimension la plus importante des dynamiques de distribution du peuplement à l'intérieur de la Grande-Bretagne. Son ampleur change avec le temps mais confirme un processus de 'counterurbanization cascade' distribuant la population vers le bas de la hiérarchie urbaine. Une large frange de la population prend part à ce mouvement, à l'exception toutefois des jeunes adultes et des groupes minoritaires ethniques. On peut attribuer ce processus à de nombreuses causes, comme dans d'autres pays. Cependant, ici on propose d'expliquer, en particulier par deux causes, pourquoi ce processus se manifeste plus fort et plus constamment en Grande-Bretagne. Il s'agit de la politique de 'l' urban containment' et d'une préférence clairement exprimée par le peuple britannique pour une vie à la campagne.</text>
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                <text>Urban-rural net migration remains the principal dimension of internal migration within Britain. Though its volume varies over time, there is a very consistent process of population movement down the urban hierarchy that can be called the 'counterurbanization cascade'. This involves a wide cross-section of the British population, though young adults and minority ethnic groups are not well represented. This process can be attributed to many factors, as in other countries, but two in particular are put forward to explain why it is more fully developed and persistent in Britain. These are the policy of urban containment and the strength of people's preferences for living in the countryside.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386917">
                <text>Champion Tony. The continuing urban-rural population movement in Britain: trends, patterns, significance . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2001-1-2. Repopulation et mobilités rurales. pp. 37-51.</text>
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                <text>Residential Preferences ; Great Britain ; Urban-Rural Migration ; Counterurbanization ; Urban Containment</text>
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                <text>Grande-Bretagne ; Migrations ville-campagne ; Contrurbanisation ; 'Urban Containment' ; Préférence résidentielle</text>
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                <text>The continuing urban-rural population movement in Britain: trends, patterns, significance </text>
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                <text>A travers deux exemples d'atlas de population, l'un en Mauritanie et l'autre au Mali, nous avons été confronté à des choix de représentation des informations qui, loin de se limiter aux problèmes du langage graphique, induisaient la production d'une image plus ou moins pertinente des territoires. Or la fabrication d'une carte scientifique est très spécifique de notre culture et de notre manière de nous représenter le monde. Construites à partir de bases de données géoréférencées, des cartes respectant les maillages administratifs risquaient de produire une représentation des populations selon les stocks observés lors du recensement. Mais cet instantané ne pouvait pas rendre compte de la dynamique et de la mobilité des sociétés. Par le respect de la géométrie euclidienne, la carte favorise la métrique topographique dans sa représentation de la société au détriment de la métrique topologique. Ces deux atlas ont été l'occasion de tester d'autres formes de cartographie et de mesurer aussi les limites de certains modes de représentation. La carte offre un support d'information qui permet d'élargir l'expérience individuelle de l'espace, mais l'utilisation d'un code sémiologique et le traitement de l'information qui conditionnent la production de la carte, contraignent la représentation de la réalité sociale. Le cartographe et le destinataire de la carte doivent garder une distance critique avec cette représentation de la réalité, en se rappelant que la carte relève plus du sujet que de l'objet.</text>
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                <text>Mapping Populations or Societies , Perception Problems in two Atlases of West Africa.

Through two examples of demographic atlases, the first one in Mauritania, the second in Mali, we had to select different types of information visualisation. Far from being only a problem of graphic language, these choices inferred also on the accuracy of the produced images. But making a scientific map is a specificity of our culture and our way of representing the world. The maps built from geographical data bases, within administrative limits may be only a visualisation of the population stocks at a census date without an approach of the social mobility and dynamics. By using the Euclidian geometry, the map expresses more a topographical metrics to visualise a society than a topological one. These two atlases gave rise to try different methods of cartography and assess the limits of others. The map is a collection of information which enlarges our individual perception but the use of a sémiologie code and the information processing for mapping have an impact on this image of the social reality. The cartographer and the user of the map, must keep a critical distance from this image of the reality. They must remember that the map is more the matter of the subject than of the object.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386903">
                <text>Leclerc Eric. Cartographier les populations ou les sociétés ? Problèmes de représentations dans deux atlas en Afrique de l'Ouest. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2002-1-2. Géographie et population. pp. 133-139.</text>
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                <text>fre</text>
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                <text>Population ; Society ; Cartography ; Metric ; Mauritania</text>
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                <text>Mauritanie ; Population ; Société ; Cartographie ; Métrique</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Cartographier les populations ou les sociétés ? Problèmes de représentations dans deux atlas en Afrique de l'Ouest</text>
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                <text>Thumerelle Pierre-Jean</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386896">
                <text>René Collignon et Mamadou Diouf (sous la direction de) : Les jeunes : hantise de l'espace public dans les sociétés du Sud ?</text>
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                <text>Thumerelle Pierre-Jean</text>
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                <text>2000</text>
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                <text>Patrick Gubry (sous la dir. de) : Population et développement au Viêt-nam</text>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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                <text>179-187</text>
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                <text>Sylvie Letniowska-Swiat</text>
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                <text>L'analyse des mouvements de population agitant le système urbain occupe une place toujours plus importante dans l'étude des populations. La ville est de plus en plus éclatée. Cette réalité nouvelle ne correspond plus ni aux définitions, ni aux délimitations classiques de l'espace urbain. Les mobilités décuplées animent l'ensemble du système urbain, centre et marges comprises. L'étude de ces déplacements se complexifie, tout autant que leurs nombres et leurs trajectoires. Les seules données issues des recensements de la population ne suffisent plus à les quantifier et encore moins à les qualifier. C'est pourquoi le recours à des bases de données annexes, tel le fichier SICLONE, recensement des permis de construire peuvent contribuer à échelle fine, à de meilleures analyses, et ce notamment dans le cas d'une approche de la structuration des espaces périurbains.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386791">
                <text>To Measure the Population Movements, New Tools : Planning Permissions.

The analysis of the shifts in population agitating the urban system occupies a place increasingly more significant in the study of populations. The city is more and more complex .This new reality corresponds any more neither to the definitions, nor with the traditional delimitations of the urban area. The increasing mobilities animate all the urban system, centre and margins included. The only data resulting from the censuses of the population are not enough any more to quantify them and even less to qualify them. That's why the recourse of alternative data bases, the such file SICLONE, census of the permits building can contribute on limited scale, of better analyses, and this in particular in the case of an approach of the structuring of periurban areas.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386792">
                <text>Letniowska-Swiat Sylvie. Une approche des mouvements de population, de nouveaux outils : les permis de construire. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2002-1-2. Géographie et population. pp. 179-187.</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2002_num_20_1_2030</text>
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                <text>Residential Mobility ; Lille Agglomeration ; Planning Permissions ; Periurbanisation</text>
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                <text>Une approche des mouvements de population, de nouveaux outils : les permis de construire</text>
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                <text>Les différentes approches spatiales de la démogéographie.  

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                <text>Garcia Ballesteros Aurora. Different spatial approaches in geodemographic studies. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2000-1. Mélanges (II) - Miscellanies (II). pp. 9-15.</text>
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                <text>Population Geography ; spatial pattern ; Social Geography ; place ; Geodemography</text>
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                <text>Géographie de la Population ; dimension spatiale ; Géographie Sociale ; territoire ; Démogéographie</text>
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                <text>Different spatial approaches in geodemographic studies</text>
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                <text>498-498</text>
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                <text>Thumerelle Pierre-Jean</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386752">
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                <text>Jean-Claude Boyer : Les banlieues en France. Territoires et sociétés</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>499-499</text>
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                <text>Thumerelle Pierre-Jean</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386735">
                <text>2000</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386736">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2000_num_18_3_1969_t1_0499_0000_4</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386737">
                <text>fre</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386739">
                <text>Maria-Eugenia Cosio-Zavala : Changements démographiques en Amérique latine</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>83-98</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386626">
                <text>Catherine Capron</text>
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                <text>The Recent Dynamics of Settlement in the Border Regions of Walloonia.

For some years, certain localities have stopped losing their inhabitants and present, on the contrary, a spectacular population growth. This change is due to a strong migratory attraction, which takes place in a double context, both national and international. At the country level, the recent immigration toward these regions lies within the process of periurbanisation: people and families migrate to parkland, sometimes distant from their work place. At the international level, the origin is the free circulation of the goods that has transformed border spaces into transborder regions. This paper studies, on the long trend and in a comparative approach, the demographic dynamics of municipalities located along the border with Germany and the Grand-Duchy of Luxemburg. Thanks to the linkage between the individual data of the national register and the 1991 population census, we analyse the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the populations who set up in these border regions between 1993 and 1998.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386629">
                <text>Depuis quelques années, certaines communes frontalières ne se dépeuplent plus et connaissent un accroissement spectaculaire de la population. Il est dû à une forte attractivité migratoire qui s'inscrit dans un double contexte, national et international. Au niveau du pays, le récent attrait pour ces régions s'inscrit dans le processus de la périurbanisation : les individus et les ménages migrent vers des espaces verts, parfois éloignés des pôles d'emploi. À l'échelon international, la cause est la libération de la circulation des biens et des marchandises qui a transformé les espaces frontaliers en espaces transfrontaliers. Cet article étudie, sur la longue tendance et dans une logique comparative, la dynamique démographique de communes situées le long des frontières avec l'Allemagne et le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Grâce au couplage de données individuelles du Registre national et du recensement de la population de 1991, nous analysons les caractéristiques démographiques et socio-économiques des populations qui se sont installées, entre 1993 et 1998, dans ces espaces frontaliers.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386630">
                <text>Capron Catherine, Eggerickx Thierry, Hermia Jean-Pierre. Les nouvelles dynamiques de peuplement dans les zones frontalières en Wallonie. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2002-1-2. Géographie et population. pp. 83-98.</text>
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                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2002_num_20_1_2021</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386635">
                <text>Walloonia ; Borders ; Migrations ; Migrants ; Périurbanisation</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>Migrations ; Frontières ; Migrants ; Périurbanisation ; Wallonie</text>
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                <text>Les nouvelles dynamiques de peuplement dans les zones frontalières en Wallonie</text>
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                <text>499-499</text>
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                <text>Thumerelle Pierre-Jean</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386557">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2000_num_18_3_1969_t1_0499_0000_1</text>
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                <text>fre</text>
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                <text>PERSEE</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386560">
                <text>Guy Burgel : Du tiers-monde aux tiers-mondes</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>497-497</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386480">
                <text>Thumerelle Pierre-Jean</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2000</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386482">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2000_num_18_3_1969_t1_0497_0000_4</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386483">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386484">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386485">
                <text>Antoine Bailly et alii : Développement social durable des villes. Principes et pratiques</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>compterendu</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644245">
                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="644246">
                  <text>PERSEE</text>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="386471">
                <text>205-205</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386472">
                <text>Thumerelle Pierre-Jean</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386473">
                <text>2001</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386474">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2001_num_19_1_1990_t1_0205_0000_2</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386475">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386476">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386477">
                <text>Denise Pumain et Thérèse Saint-Julien : Les interactions spatiales</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386478">
                <text>compterendu</text>
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  <item itemId="23090" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644245">
                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>PERSEE</text>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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                <text>123-137</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Catherine Capron</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386444">
                <text>Thierry Éggerickx</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386445">
                <text>2001</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386446">
                <text>Rurbanisation and Periurbanisation in central Walloonia : a socio-demographical Approach.

Belgium has known, since the sixties, a huge and uninterrupted process of population redeployment in favour of the rural boroughs at the outskirts of big urban agglomerations. More recently saturation in « peri-urban » boroughs has driven families to look to more remote rural boroughs for a piece of green land. This phenomenon is known as rurbanisation. 
This article aims at determining whether this demographic revitalisation in rural areas is part of the same urban spreading process as périurbanisation and whether, by extension, the demographic content of this growth is similar in nature to the content which characterised the periurban surroundings Several residential areas - periurban boroughs, rural boroughs and small cities - around Namur in the centre of Walloonia have been identified. They have than been compared to the Brabant periurban model. This analysis reveals obvious social and demographic contrasts between Brabant and other residential areas. Walloon Brabant clearly appears as a socially and demographically privileged region, which can be explained by its central position in Belgium, by the fact that the périurbanisation process is rather ancient there and by the social selection caused by strong real-estate speculation. Differences between the other residential areas considered are minimal. Even if some whiffs of « demographic conservatism » can be noticed in those rural boroughs, the social and demographic characteristics of the families who have settled in those villages are practically identical to those of the Namur periurban boroughs.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386447">
                <text>La Belgique connaît depuis les années 1960 un vaste processus ininterrompu de redistri------------------ bution de la population au profit des communes vertes situées à la périphérie des grandes agglomérations urbaines. Plus récemment, la saturation des communes périurbaines a poussé les ménages à chercher plus loin, jusque dans les communes rurales éloignées, leur coin de verdure. On parle alors de rurbanisation. L'objectif de cet article est de déterminer si cette revitalisation démographique des campagnes s'inscrit dans le même processus d'étalement urbain que la périurbanisation et si, par extension, le contenu démographique de cette croissance est de la même veine que celui qui a caractérisé le milieu périurbain. Plusieurs milieux de résidence - des communes périurbaines, des communes rurales et des petites villes - situés autour de Namur, dans le centre de la Wallonie, ont été identifiés. Ils ont ensuite été comparés au modèle périurbain brabançon. Il ressort de cette analyse qu'il existe des contrastes socio-démographiques nets entre ce dernier et les autres milieux de résidence. Le Brabant wallon apparaît clairement comme une région socio- démographiquement privilégiée, caractéristique qui s'explique en partie par sa position au cœur de la Belgique, l'ancienneté du processus de périurbanisation et le tri social imposé par une forte spéculation immobilière. Entre les autres milieux de résidence considérés, les différences sont minimes. Même si l'on décèle dans le chef des communes rurales, quelques relents de « conservatisme démographique », les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des ménages qui se sont installés dans ces localités sont quasiment identiques à celles des entrants dans les communes périurbaines namuroises.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386448">
                <text>Eggerickx Thierry, Capron Catherine. Rurbanisation et périurbanisation dans le centre de la Wallonie : une approche socio-démographique. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 2001-1-2. Repopulation et mobilités rurales. pp. 123-137.</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386449">
                <text>http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/espos_0755-7809_2001_num_19_1_1981</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386450">
                <text>doi:10.3406/espos.2001.1981</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386451">
                <text>fre</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386452">
                <text>PERSEE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386453">
                <text>Périurbanisation ; Rurbanisation ; Walloonia ; Demography ; Housing</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386454">
                <text>Wallonie ; Rurbanisation ; Périurbanisation ; Démographie ; Type d'habitat</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386455">
                <text>Rurbanisation et périurbanisation dans le centre de la Wallonie : une approche socio-démographique</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>article</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644244">
                  <text>Espace Populations Sociétés</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644245">
                  <text>www.persee.fr/static-image/img_revue?name=espos_Couverture.png</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="644246">
                  <text>PERSEE</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386353">
                <text>189-202</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386354">
                <text>Sylvie Fanchette</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386355">
                <text>2002</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="386356">
                <text>The Red River Delta (Vietnam) : a Study of Population Density and Urbanization of Rural Areas.

To study the complexity of the population spatial distribution of the Red River delta (with more than 1000 inhabitants per square kilometre in rural areas), in a context of a high rate of annual growth, the traditional approach of regional geography is not suitable. The different types of phenomena depend on variable scales of analyses and periods of time, more or less long. 

If the maps of population density in this delta, rich but not easily controllable hydraulic territory, are the result of a long process of population occupation and of management by powerful and centralized states, the new socio-economic logics at work since the renewal policy or Doi Moi has generated a high spatial differenciation. 

To study the mechanisms producing high human density we have to distinguish those depending on the local environment and socio-economic conditions from those we can apprehend only at smaller scales (district, polder, province or sub-region). 

We will describe, measure and localise these processes, in particular the importance of spatial contexts, of the polarisation by the big cities, of the proximity of the great rivers and canals and of communication routes, the importance of social dynamics and of local political history : all these phenomena will be spatialized and their interferences will be located in a more systematic manner thanks to the GIS (Geographic Information System). 
Finally, we will promote the fieldwork approach to understand the interrelationships between demographic pressure, social changes, the new modalities of resource management and the multiple strategies developed by the inhabitants of this over-populated region so as not to leave their villages.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="386357">
                <text>Pour étudier la complexité de la répartition spatiale de la population d'une région densément peuplée, le delta du Fleuve Rouge, (il compte plus de 1000 hab./km2 en zone dite « rurale ») alors que son taux annuel moyen de croissance démographique reste encore élevé, l'approche classique de la géographie régionale n'est pas adaptée. Les catégories de phénomènes à prendre en compte relèvent d'échelles variées et de temps plus ou moins longs. Si la carte des densités démographiques de ce delta, espace hydraulique riche, mais difficilement maîtrisable, est la résultante d'un long processus d'occupation par les populations et d'aménagement par des États puissants et centralisés, les logiques socio-économiques en œuvre depuis la mise en place de la politique du Renouveau ou Doi Moi ont créé une forte différenciation spatiale. 
Pour étudier les mécanismes produisant de fortes densités humaines, il convient de distinguer ceux relevant de l'environnement physique et des dynamiques socio- économiques locales de ceux qui dépendant des échelles plus petites (le district, le bassin hydraulique, la province ou la sous-région). 
Ce sont ces processus qu'il va falloir décrire, mesurer et localiser, notamment le poids des cadres spatiaux, de la polarisation des grandes villes, de la proximité des grands axes hydrauliques et de communication, le poids des dynamiques sociales et de l'histoire politique locale, autant de phénomènes que l'on tentera de spatialiser et dont on localisera les interférences de façon plus systématique grâce à la mise en place d'un SIC 
Enfin, l'enquête de terrain bien ciblée permet de mieux étudier la diversité et la complexité des processus d'adaptation au surpeuplement que la carte, à des échelles plus petites, ne pouvait appréhender. Dans un espace aussi densément peuplé, les stratégies de résidence des habitants sont de plus en plus complexes et difficilement mesurables à l'aune des statistiques.</text>
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